國際放射防護委員會(International Commission on Radiological Protection﹐ICRP)於2007年提出胚胎及胎兒的劑量建議值為1mSv，而我國現行游離輻射防護安全標準規定，對告知已懷孕之女性輻射工作人員，其腹部表面所接收到的等價劑量須小於2 mSv，且攝入身體內核種的有效劑量須小於1 mSv。 因此，如何評估與監測胎兒劑量，為近年國內急需研議之重要課題。
本研究目的為求得可將「孕婦皮膚表面劑量轉換成子宮劑量」的劑量轉換係數，使用實體假體與數學假體進行評估。藉由實驗照射與蒙地卡羅計算程式模擬，驗證模擬結果的正確性，並討論國外孕婦數學假體以及實體假體之數學假體之轉換係數可否代表台灣孕婦進行胎兒劑量評估。
本研究建議使用實體假體之數學假體進行胎兒劑量評估而非使用國外孕婦數學假體。經由模擬結果亦發現劑量轉換係數會受到子宮體積大小、子宮位置、射源距離、射源能量、射源形狀大小等因素影響。本研究結果提供多種曝露情形下之子宮(胎兒)劑量轉換係數，作為胎兒劑量評估之具體可行方法，可供未來主管機關修法並進行有效輻防管制之參考。

The International Commission on Radiological Protection recommended that the dose limit to embryo/fetus is 1 mSv (ICRP, 2007), and Taiwan’s current laws stipulate to pregnant workers who has informed the employer that the equivalent dose limit is 2 mSv to abdomen surface and effective dose limit is 1 mSv from intake of radionuclide. Therefore, how to evaluate and monitor fetal dose has become an important topic that needs to discuss in Taiwan recently.
The main objective of this research is to obtain the dose conversion coefficient (DCC) in order to calculate uterus dose by surface skin dose, and evaluating DCC by physical phantom and mathematical phantom. The results of monte carlo simulation were verified by experiments in this research. Besides, the applicability of phantom models that suitable for Taiwanese pregnant women was also discussed.
In conclusions, the recommendation that the fetal dose evaluation should use mathematical phantom of physical phantom rather than foreign pregnant woman mathematical phantom was proposed. The reslts of this study provide uterine (fetal) dose conversion coefficients under various exposure situations, as a practical method for fetal dose assessment, and can provide reference for future regulatory amendments and effective radiation control.

摘要 I
Abstract II
致謝 III
目錄 IV
表目錄 VIII
圖目錄 XIV
第1章 緒論 1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 輻射誘發之生殖效應 1
1.3 胎兒劑量相關研究 3
1.4 研究目的 6
1.5 實驗架構 8
第2章 材料與方法 9
2.1 擬人假體 9
2.1.1 實體假體 9
2.1.2 數學假體 13
2.2 熱發光劑量計(TLD) 30
2.2.1 劑量計的篩選與校正 33
2.3 吸收劑量與劑量轉換係數 37
2.4 蒙地卡羅模擬 43
2.4.1 TLD模擬設定條件 44
2.4.2 不同孕期之高加索人種懷孕數學假體模擬條件設定 47
2.5 實驗條件與設計 61
2.5.1 子宮劑量之量測 62
2.5.2 不同孕期懷孕實體假體佈點設計 63
2.5.3 實驗設計與模擬劑量值計算方法 67
第3章 結果與討論 80
3.1 蒙地卡羅模擬結果討論 80
3.1.1 TLD角度依存性 80
3.1.2 體外光子曝露計算結果討論 82
3.1.3 不同射源形狀對劑量轉換係數影響 90
3.1.4 射源距離定義改變模擬結果討論 92
3.1.5 射源距離增加對劑量轉換係數之影響與公式適用性之討論 97
3.1.6 鉛衣屏蔽能力與劑量轉換係數之結果討論 105
3.1.7 射源高能量/低能量差異之結果討論 110
3.1.8 相同射源大小種類距離對不同體型懷孕數學假體的比較 討論 112
3.2 實體假體之數學假體模擬條件設定與實驗結果比較 117
3.2.1 137Cs照射場對不同孕期假體照射驗證結果 117
3.2.2 清華大學137Cs照射場射源距離改變對3個月孕期假體照
射驗證結果 121
3.2.3 核能研究所國家標準X光照射場對3個月孕期假體照射 驗證 122
3.2.4 反應器污水處理室照射 125
第4章 結論 128
參考文獻 131
附錄 A R700,E、N700,E、LiF700,E與Air700,E詳細數據 136
附錄 B 使用鉛衣/鉛屏蔽之劑量值 139
附錄 C 未使用鉛衣/鉛屏蔽之劑量值 140
附錄 D 80 kVp、0.662 MeV、1.25 MeV的劑量值 141
附錄 E DT與Kair 值 142
附錄 F 0週孕婦數學假體劑量值之相對誤差 147
附錄 G 不同孕期空氣孕婦假體在點射源照射下之劑量值 148
附錄 H 不同孕期孕婦假體在不同射源距離照射下之劑量值 149
附錄 I 80 kVp光子能譜下有/無鉛屏蔽的劑量值 152
附錄 J 137Cs照射場中各光子能量照射下之劑量轉換係數 154
附錄 K X光照射場中各光子能量照射下之劑量轉換係數 155

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