臺中高美濕地因海天一線景色優美，吸引大眾前往濕地從事活動，每逢假日遊客絡繹不絕的造訪，往往造成木棧道使用人數過多，設施使用擁擠，衍生出遊憩品質低落及安全性問題；因此，如何在遊憩品質與保育生態之間取其平衡，乃是本濕地在遊憩管理上迫切想要解決的問題。本研究利用遊憩承載量概念，容納生心理參數，並輔以情緒量表作為客觀的測量工具，藉此探討遊客對美濕地木棧道擁擠感受，及設定為管理參數的可能。考量趨近於真實性的刺激，本研究使用8段影片和8張照片模擬情境，以不同使用人數及受測者有或無參訪經驗為自變項，情緒體驗、擁擠感受及生理反應為依變項；藉由生理回饋儀器記錄有無參訪經驗之受測者各30位，在觀看不同使用人數下的靜態模擬相片及動態模擬影片下之生理反應，並同步搜集受測者的心理感受，共獲得60位有效樣本。藉由重複量測變異數分析及二因子變異數分析後，獲得主要結果如下：
一、以照片及影片評估法評估在使用人數變化上，無論是有經驗或無經驗受測者，隨著使用人數增加時，對受測者之情緒體驗有顯著差異。當使用人數增加時，其愉悅感及支配感評值則較小。喚起感之評值增高。對受測者之擁擠知覺有顯著影響，當受測者之擁擠感受越高時，其可接受程度和偏好程度則相對降低。但對受測者之生理反應並無顯著影響。
二、有無木棧道參訪經驗者對擁擠感、生理感受、偏好程度和可接受度所建構之容許使用人數，無經驗者為17-20人與有經驗者為16-18人。
三、結合模擬影片與模擬照片類型下所評估之可容許使用人數閥值相似，並推薦以單位面積17-18人為管理值。
四，比對社會心理承載量，情緒體驗和生理指標等三種組合指標，發現在照片步道上之受測者對於不同使用人數程度的常模強度效果皆優於在影片步道。
五、在測量擁擠感受之照片或影片時，擁擠感受屬於非愉悅性之感受，經左腦與右腦Alpha波成對樣本t 檢定分析；其大腦右半球腦波之 Alpha 波比左半球
II
腦波
Alpha波強。
本研究建立社會心理容許量多元評估指標與其結果，除可做為高美濕地之遊憩品質與保育生態平衡管理之工具，更可據此提出彈性管制遊客人數之容許量閥域參考，以因應保護區遊憩承載量之管理課題。
關

Due to the beautiful scenery of the sea melts into the sky, Gaomei Wetland in Taichung City has attracted the publics for activity. A steady stream of visitors came to visit the weltand often results in poor recreational quality and safety issues as too many people using boardwalks. Therefore, how to strike a balance between the recreation quality and ecological conservation is an urgent problem to be solved in the recreation management of Gaomei wetland. According to these dilemmas, this study has applied the concept of recreational carrying capacity with the psychphysicological indicators and emotional measurement tool to explore visitors’ experiences in boardwalk. As the consideration of the stimulus reality, this study involved videos and photos to simulate the participates. By using a physiological feedback device, two groups of each 30 participants with or without previous visiting experiences have been recorded their psychological and psychophysiological reactions as they were watching static simulation photos and dynamic simulation videos under different number of encounters situation, and a total of 60 valid samples were obtained. After repeated measurement of variance analysis and two-way variance analysis, the main results obtained are as follows：
1. The photo and video evaluation method has been applied to evaluate the changes in the number of users. Whether experienced or inexperienced, as the number of users increases, there is a significant difference in the emotional experience of the respondents. As the number of users increases, the ratings of pleasure and dominance are smaller. The evaluation of arousal is increased. It has a significant impact on the subject’s perception of crowding. When the subject’s perception of crowding is higher, the degree of acceptability and preference is relatively reduced. However, it has no significant effect on the physiological response of the subjects
IV
2. With or without the visiting experience in boardwalk, the threshold constructed by the crowded indicators, psychological indicators and psychophysiological indicators is 17-20 persons in one unit area for no experiences visitors and 16-18 persons for visitors with period experiences.
3. Combining the simulated videos and simulated photos, there is the similar threshold evaluated at17-18 persons for per unit area is recommended as the management indicators.
4. Comparing the three indicators from social psychological carrying capacity, emotional experiences and psychophysiological indicators, the evidences from the tests of simulated photos will have stronger the normal intensity effects than those from the simulated videos.
5. As crowded feelings are non-pleasant feelings. the alpha wave from left brain and right brain are analyzed by paired-t test. The alpha wave of the right hemisphere brain wave is significantly higher than those from left hemisphere.
This study establishes multiple evaluation indices for social psychological carrying capacity, which can not only be used as a tool for the management of recreational quality and conservation ecological balance of Gao-mei Wetland, but also a reference for the tolerance threshold for flexible control of resources management issues in the reserve areas.

中文摘要 I
英文摘要 III
謝誌 V
目錄 VI
表目錄 VIII
圖目錄 XI
第壹章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的與問題 4
第三節 研究變項名詞定義 4
第貳章 文獻回顧 6
第一節 社會心理承載量 6
第二節 自然環境之生心理體驗 17
第三節 生心理回饋機制 22
第四節 行人行走慣性 26
第五節 研究推論 29
第參章 研究設計 30
第一節 研究基地介紹 30
第二節 研究架構與假設 34
第三節 刺激媒介設計與問卷設計 40
第四節 實驗操作 49
第肆章 資料分析與結果 52
第一節 描述性統計 52
第二節 受測者心理反應之分析 54
第三節 研究假設驗證 71
第四節 情緒體驗、社會心理承載量與生理反應指標之常模分析 107
第五節 擁擠感與接受度閾值之探討 118
第伍章 結論與建議 127
第一節 研究假設結果 127
第二節 研究限制 134
第三節 研究建議 135
參考文獻 138
附錄一 正式問卷 (A) 150
附錄二 正式問卷 (B) 157
附錄三 高美溼地木棧道空間之不同使用層級的模擬相片 163
表目錄
表2-1-1 情緒三因子形容詞對表 21
表3-1-1 H1假設與問題陳述 36
表3-1-2 H2問題陳述與分析說明 37
表3-1-3 前景、中景、後空間人員配置數 42
表3-1-4 木棧道模擬影片與遊客人數之遭遇次數分配設計 43
表3-1-5 社會心理承載量指標及情緒體驗問卷範本(照片) 46
表3-1-6 社會心理承載量指標及情緒體驗問卷範本(影片) 46
表3-1-7 測試程序 51
表4-1-1 受測者之社經背景次數分配及百分比 55
表4-2-1 正式實驗問卷 Cronbach's α係數(個別) 56
表4-2-2 (有/無)參訪經驗之照片測試愉悅感平均值分析 57
表4-2-3 (有/無)參訪經驗之照片測試喚起感平均值分析 58
表4-2-4 (有/無)參訪經驗之照片測試支配感平均值分析 59
表4-2-5 (有/無)參訪經驗之照片測試擁擠感平均值分析 60
表4-2-6 (有/無)參訪經驗之照片測試可接受度平均值分析 61
表4-2-7 (有/無)參訪經驗之照片測試偏好程度平均值分析 62
表4-2-8 (有/無)參訪經驗之照片測試腦波-左腦α波振幅分析 62
表4-2-9 (有/無)參訪經驗之照片測試腦波-右腦α波振幅分析 63
表4-2-10 (有/無)參訪經驗之照片測試肌電值頻度分析 63
表4-2-11 (有/無)參訪經驗之照片測 (HR)頻度分析 64
表4-2-12 (有/無)參訪經驗之影片測試愉悅感平均值分析 65
表4-2-13 (有/無)參訪經驗之影片測試喚起感平均值分析 66
表4-2-14 (有/無)參訪經驗之影片測試支配感平均值分析 67
表4-2-15 (有/無)參訪經驗之影片測試擁擠感平均值分析 68
表4-2-16 (有/無)參訪經驗之影片測試可接受度平均值分析 69
表4-2-17 (有/無)參訪經驗之影片測試偏好程度平均值分析 70
表4-2-18 (有/無)參訪經驗之影片測試腦波-左腦α波振幅分析表 70
表4-2-19 (有/無)參訪經驗之影片測試腦波-右腦α波振幅分析表 71
表4-2-20 (有/無)參訪經驗之影片測試肌電值頻度分析 71
表4-2-21 (有/無)參訪經驗之影片測試(HR)頻度分析表 72
表4-3-1 照片與影片對無參訪經驗受測者情緒體驗之影響 74
表4-3-2 照片與影片對無參訪經驗受測者愉悅感之單純主要效果分析 75
表4-3-3 照片與影片對無參訪經驗受測者喚起感之單純主要效果分析 75
表4-3-4 照片與影片對無參訪經驗受測者支配感之單純主要效果分析 76
表4-3-5 照片與影片對有參訪經驗受測者情緒體驗之影響 80
表4-3-6 照片與影片對有參訪經驗受測者愉悅感之單純主要效果分析 81
表4-3-7 照片與影片對有參訪經驗受測者喚起感之單純主要效果分析 81
表4-3-8 照片與影片對有參訪經驗受測者支配感之單純主要效果分析 82
表4-3-9 照片與影片對無參訪經驗受測者社會心理承載量之影響 87
表4-3-10 照片與影片對無參訪經驗受測者擁擠感之單純主要效果分析 88
表4-3-11 照片與影片對無參訪經驗受測者可接受度之單純主要效果分析 88
表4-3-12 照片與影片對無參訪經驗受測者偏好度之單純主要效果分析 89
表4-3-13 照片與影片對有參訪經驗受測者社會心理承載量之影響 93
表4-3-14 照片與影片對有參訪經驗受測者擁擠感之單純主要效果分析 94
表4-3-15 照片與影片對有參訪經驗受測者可接受度之單純主要效果分析 94
表4-3-16 照片與影片對有參訪經驗受測者偏好度之單純主要效果分析 95
表4-3-17 照片與影片對有無訪經驗受測者生理反應指標之影響 99
表4-3-18 照片與影片對無參訪經驗受測者EEG-L之單純主要效果分析 100
表4-3-19 照片與影片對無參訪經驗受測者EEG-R之單純主要效果分析 101
表4-3-20 照片與影片對無參訪經驗受測者EMG之單純主要效果分析 101
表4-3-21 照片與影片對無參訪經驗受測者HR之單純主要效果分析 102
表4-3-22 照片與影片類型對有參訪經驗受測者生理反應指標之影響 106
表4-3-23 照片與影片對有參訪經驗受測者EEG-L之單純主要效果分析 107
表4-3-24 照片與影片對有參訪經驗受測者EEG-R之單純主要效果分析 108
表4-3-25 照片與影片對有參訪經驗受測者EMG之單純主要效果分析 108
表4-3-26 照片與影片對有參訪經驗受測者HR之單純主要效果分析 109
表4-4-1 (照/影)片對無參訪經驗受測者之情感體驗指標常模強度比較 111
表4-4-2 (照/影)片對無參訪經驗受測者之情感體驗指標常模集中性比較 111
表4-4-3 (照/影)片對有參訪經驗受測者之情感體驗指標常模強度比較 113
表4-4-4 (照/影)片對有參訪經驗受測者之情感體驗指標常模集中性比較 113
表4-4-5 (照/影)片對無經驗者之心理承載量指標常模強度比較 115
表4-4-6 (照/影)片對無經驗者之心理承載量指標常模集中性比較 116
表4-4-7 (照/影)片對有經驗者之心理承載量指標常模強度比較 117
表4-4-8 (照/影)片對有經驗者之心理承載量指標常模集中性比較 117
表4-4-9 (照/影)片對無經驗者之生理反應常模強度比較 119
表4-4-10 (照/影)片對無經驗者之生理反應常模集中性比較表 119
表4-4-11 (照/影)片對有經驗者之生理反應常模強度比較表 120
表4-4-12 (照/影)片對有經驗者之生理反應常模集中性比較表 121
表4-5-1 無經驗者其照片之心理承載量、情緒體驗之評估容許量閥域 122
表4-5-2 無經驗者其影片之心理承載量、情緒體驗之評估容許量閥域 123
表4-5-3 無經驗者其照片之心理承載量、生理反應之評估容許量閥域 124
表4-5-4 無經驗者其影片之心理承載量、生理反應之評估容許量閥域 125
表4-5-5 有經驗者其照片之心理承載量、情緒體驗之評估容許量閥域 126
表4-5-6 有經驗者其影片之心理承載量、情緒體驗之評估容許量閥域 127
表4-5-7 有經驗者其照片之心理承載量、生理反應之評估容許量閥域 128
表4-5-8 有經驗者其影片之心理承載量、生理反應之評估容許量閥域 129
表5-1-1 (有/無)參訪經驗受測者在(照片/影片)人數之閥域評估比較 135
表5-1-2 不同照片及影片下(左/右)腦Alpha 波t 檢定分析結果 136
圖目錄
圖2-1 假設社會規範曲線 12
圖3-1 高美濕地保護區空拍圖 32
圖3-2 高美濕地木棧道衛星地圖 32
圖3-3 研究架構概念圖 34
圖3-4 8種不同遊客遭遇次數模擬表 44
圖3-5 ProComp Infiniti™生理回饋儀機台 47
圖3-6 腦波導線位置黏貼圖 48
圖3-7 腦波導線及肌電導線位置黏貼圖像 48
圖3-8 心跳測試圖像 49
圖3-9 實驗室配置圖 50
圖3-10實驗室測試實況 50
圖4-2-1研究之總變異量之分解圖 56
圖4-5-1無經驗者其照片之心理承載量、情緒體驗之可能反應區線圖 122
圖4-5-2無經驗者其影片之心理承載量、情緒體驗之可能反應區線圖 123
圖4-5-3無經驗者其照片之心理承載量、生理反應之可能反應區線圖 124
圖4-5-4無經驗者其影片之心理承載量、生理反應之可能反應區線圖 125
圖4-5-5有經驗者其照片之心理承載量、情緒體驗之可能反應區線圖 126
圖4-5-6有經驗者其影片之心理承載量、情緒體驗之可能反應區線圖 127
圖4-5-7有經驗者其照片之心理承載量、生理反應之可能反應區線圖 128

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