這篇博士論文討論了大學和邊緣社群在發展中經濟體的偏遠或鄉村地區進行科學與技術介入的互動過程。過去幾十年，許多國家已經改革了他們的高等教育體系，而第三任務——除了傳統的教學和研究任務外——在高等教育政策中獲得了更多關注。大學參與第三任務活動與滿足社會和工業需求相關聯。大學被期望滿足邊緣群體的社會經濟需求。儘管大學面臨越來越多的壓力要與學術之外的經濟和社會進行互動，它們仍然保持著其排他性質。在發展中經濟體中，大學與難以獲得技術的低技術驅動的鄉村傳統企業合作至關重要。為了解決這一知識缺口，本論文聚焦於像印度這樣的發展中經濟體的大學是如何與地區利益相關者如非政府組織、政府機構和微型企業合作，共同創造需求驅動的鄉村技術。這項實證研究涉及到印度理工學院（IITs）行政控制下成立的鄉村技術行動組（RuTAG）案例。論文運用了包容性創新的概念、區域創新系統、四螺旋模型和案例研究方法。
這項研究提供了寶貴的見解，關於大s學如何與地區行動者互動，以及這種互動如何影響發展中經濟體背景下邊緣地區的社會經濟發展。此外，該研究深入探討了四螺旋文獻領域，檢視了大學如何使用四螺旋框架實施包容性創新。研究探討了產品的開發以及四螺旋模型中行動者的涉及情況，特別是關注於大學在非正式部門運營的鄉村傳統產業中的科學與技術介入。這擴展了包容性創新學術研究的範疇，該研究仍然強調跨國公司和公私合作夥伴關係的參與。

This doctoral thesis addresses universities and marginalized community engagement processes for Science & Technology intervention in remote or rural areas of developing economies. Over the past decades, many countries have reformed their higher education systems and the third mission which is in addition to the traditional missions of teaching and research has gained much attention within the higher education policy. Universities' participation in third mission activities is related to addressing social and industrial needs.
Universities are expected to address the socio-economic needs of marginalized populations. Despite the growing pressure for universities to engage with the economy and society outside of academia, they still maintain their exclusive nature. In a developing economy, it is crucial for universities to partner with low-technology-driven rural traditional enterprises that struggle to access technologies. To address this knowledge gap, this thesis focuses on how universities in a developing economy like India collaborate with regional stakeholders such as NGOs, government agencies, and micro enterprises to co-create demand-driven rural technology. This empirical study deals with the case of the Rural Technology Action Group (RuTAG), which was established under the administrative control of the Indian Institute of Technology (IITs). The thesis uses the concept of inclusive innovation, a regional innovation system, a quadruple helix model, and a case study methodology.
The study has provided valuable insights into how universities interact with regional actors and how this interaction influences the socio-economic development of a periphery region in the context of a developing economy. Furthermore, the study delves into the realm of quadruple helix literature by examining how universities implement inclusive innovation using the quadruple helix framework. The study explores the development of products and the involvement of actors in quadruple helix models, with a particular focus on university Science & Technology intervention in rural traditional industries operating in informal sectors. This expanded the scope of inclusive innovation scholarship, which maintained its emphasis on the involvement of multinational corporations and public-private partnerships.

Table of Contents
摘要 …………..……………………………………………………………………………………….…i
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………….ii
Acknowledgment ……………………………………………………………………………….iii
List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………………………iv
List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………………………v
Chapter 1: Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….1
1.1 Motivation and background of this thesis ………………………………3
1.2 Research objectives and research questions …………………………..9
1.3 Outline of the thesis ……………………………………………………………..10
Chapter 2: Literature Review ……………………………………………………………...11
2.1 University's third mission ………………………………………………………..11
2.2 University and inclusive innovation ………………………………………...13
2.3 Context of this study: Rural Technology Action Group and Indian Institute of Technology ………………………………………………………………………..15

Chapter 3: Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………………...19
3.1 Innovation system ………………………………………………………………...19
3.2 Regional Innovation System …………………………………………………....20
3.3 Quadruple Helix …………………………………………………………………….22
Chapter 4: Research Design and Methods …………………………………………..24
4.1 Research Design ………………………………………………………………….….24
4.2 Context of the study and sampling methods ………………………….25
4.3 Data collection methods ……………………………………………………......27
4.4 Data analysis methods …………………………………………………………..28
4.5 Trustworthiness/ Validity ………………………………………………………...29
Chapter 5: Study 1- The Role of Universities in the Development of Regional Innovation Systems in the Periphery Region………………………...31
5.1 Case description …………………………………………………………….……….31
5.2 Methodology (Data Analysis) …………………………………………...…….33
5.3 Findings ……………………………………………………………………………….....36
5.4 Discussion …………………………………………………………………………...….42
Chapter 6: Study 2 Understanding university community engagement for inclusive innovation, through quadruple helix perspective…………………50
6.1 Case description ………………………………………………………………….….50
6.2 Methodology (Data Analysis)………………………………………….……….52
6.3 Findings ……………………………………………………………………………….....54
6.4 Discussion …………………………………………………………….…………..…....62
Chapter 7: Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………68
7.1 Overall theoretical contribution ……………………………………………...69
7.2 Overall policy implication ………………………………………………………..70
7.3 Limitation and scope for further study …………………………………....71
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………73
Appendices …………………………………………………………………………………………..89

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