網路資訊蓬勃發展、科技日新月異之時代，現有之法規範未必能符合創新時代之需求。就智慧財產權領域而言，早期由於軟體程式僅受著作權法之保護，當運作一段時間後，認為著作權對於軟體程式之保護會使其發展受到阻礙，因此發起著作權開源運動，利用開源碼使得公眾於一定條件下得自行修改程式碼。此開源之結果可謂之非常成功，至今仍有許多著作權開源契約運用於市場中。故開始有企業將此開源精神帶入專利法領域，進而調和專利制度過度僵化的功利主義。
透過各界對於開源專利之想像與預測，學者們紛紛對於專利的開源提出不同思考脈絡。從其動機、優缺點、種類等進行歸納與整理。本文欲透過實際個案探討，進而分析開源精神作為專利制度的新養分，得出專利承諾背後所需承擔高度不確定性。從特斯拉個案作為起點，以社會面、法律面分析其專利承諾背後所代表之意涵及發人深省之法律議題。
又以現行專利制度而言，強制授權及標準必要專利係實務運作中時常被作為討論之議題，故本文以Open COVID Pledge及GenoConcierge Kyoto平台進行研究，歸納出在追求公共目的時，強制授權仍有存在之必要，惟開源精神的出現得以慢慢稀釋其重要性。最後，將視角切入半導體產業，訪談現今參與RISC-V聯盟之實務工作者，取得第一手資料並研究秉持開源的RISC-V究竟會如何顛覆現有標準必要專利之運作。研究成果發現同樣秉持開源精神作為出發，得出的結果並非原先所追求的開源，而係依據開源而衍伸出的另一種模式。希望透過不同類型之個案分析，分別針對專利制度不同面向進行研究，揭示開源專利對現行專利制度之影響以及可能潛在之法律風險。

Laws could not keep pace with technology. In the field of Intellectual Property, software programs were only protected by copyright in the early days. Until the early 1980s, the Open Source Software Movement was launched to encourage sharing and collaborating programming.
“Open source patents” emerged from the concept of open source software, which aimed to create a much more cooperative environment, so that companies could share goals and ideas for the advancement of society and technology. However, the regulation of patent law itself is much different from that of copyright; therefore, it is expected that the spirit of open source can reconcile the overly rigid utilitarianism of the patent system.
This dissertation widens the analytical lens to focus on patent pledges, including the motives, pros and cons, and types of patent pledges. In Tesla’s case, its patent pledge presents companies in the electric vehicle field with a tremendous opportunity. When viewing the various options to use open source patents, there is high legal uncertainty and some substantial risk.
In the current patent system, compulsory licensing and standard essential patents are often discussed in practice. Compulsory licensing is often used in the field of public health, which can be alleviating insufficient supplies of pharmaceuticals as well as mitigating prohibitively expensive drug prices. Therefore, in Open COVID-19 Pledge and GenoConcierge Kyoto’s cases, they might let us rethink whether compulsory licensing still be necessary. This dissertation believes that there is still a need for compulsory licensing.
As for the last part, this dissertation conducts an empirical study to obtain first-hand information and examine how the RISC-V commission will break through the domination of existing standards-essential patents. In conclusion, although open patent was based on the same spirit of open source, the actual circumstance is different from copyright open source, it becomes a different model derived from it. While patent pledges may indeed provide useful mechanisms for facing challenges, this dissertation reminds everyone that “For every promise, there is a price to pay.” Which means that that patent pledges might create hidden costs for innovation that the law is not currently equipped to deal with.

第壹章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機及目的 1
第二節 問題意識 2
第三節 研究方法 3
第一項 文獻分析法 3
第二項 比較法 3
第三項 實證研究法 3
第一款 個案研究法 4
第二款 訪談法 4
第四節 研究限制 5
第五節 文獻回顧 5
第六節 研究架構 6
第貳章 開源：從著作權到專利權 8
第一節 起源：開放原始碼 8
第一項 著作權概論 8
第二項 Copyleft 9
第三項 Copyleft License 13
第一款 授權契約執行時可能產生之爭議 14
第二款 授權軟體契約之訂立 15
第四項 Copyleft對於著作權之影響 16
第二節 專利權與專利授權 17
第一項 專利之定義 17
第二項 專利制度之動機 17
第三項 專利制度之發展 17
第四項 我國專利制度演變 19
第五項 專利授權 20
第一款 買賣契約與專利授權契約 20
第二款 專利授權之標的 23
第三款 專利授權之方式 24
第四款 專利授權之範圍 26
第五款 開源專利 27
第三節 專利授權與市場間之影響 27
第參章 開放專利 30
第一節 現行專利制度之運作情形 30
第一項 強制授權之運作情形 30
第二項 標準專利之運作情形 31
第二節 開源專利之動機 33
第三節 開源專利、專利承諾之法律定性 36
第一項 契約 36
第二項 允諾禁反言 37
第四節 專利承諾條款之執行 37
第五節 專利承諾之種類 38
第一項 誘導（Inducement） 38
第一款 相容性（Interoperability） 39
第二款 由技術平台領導（Platform Leadership） 39
第三款 市場發展（Market Development） 39
第二項 集體行動（Collective Action） 40
第三項 自願性拘束（Voluntary Restraint） 40
第四項 慈善活動（Philanthropic） 41
第五項 小結 42
第六節 特斯拉Tesla 42
第一項 特斯拉公司於開源專利之應用 42
第二項 特斯拉專利承諾Tesla Patent Pledge 43
第一款 特斯拉承諾（Tesla’s Pledge） 43
第二款 特斯拉承諾條款定義（Definition of Key Terms） 44
第三款 特斯拉專利移轉（Transfer of Tesla Patents） 44
第四款 法律效果 44
第三項 特斯拉開源專利策略之評析 45
第四項 特斯拉各個專利之應用領域 48
第五項 小結 49
第七節 小結 51
第肆章 企業秉持開源精神因應COVID-19案例 53
第一節 從強制授權走向開源 53
第二節 COVID-19之起源 53
第三節 Open COVID Pledge 54
第一項 成立背景及介紹 54
第二項 提供IP種類 54
第三項 授權契約種類 59
第四項 小結 61
第四節 GenoConcierge Kyoto 62
第一項 成立背景及介紹 62
第二項 GenoConcierge Kyoto針對COVID-19之因應 63
第三項 強制授權之捨棄 64
第五節 防疫技術開放授權之省思 65
第六節 小結 67
第伍章 科技產業之開源 71
第一節 標準必要專利 71
第二節 開源專利：以RISC-V聯盟為例 72
第一項 RISC-V簡介 72
第二項 從實務角度認識RISC-V授權模式 72
第三項 專利授權與矽智財授權 77
第三節 標準必要專利與RISC-V 82
第四節 小結 83
第陸章 結論 85
參考文獻 89
附件一 OPEN COVID-19 DECLARATION 110
附件二 訪談大綱 112

中文文獻
一、 書籍
Lawrence Lessig（著），劉靜怡（譯）（2002），《網路自由與法律》，初版，臺北：商業周刊。
Thomas Herzog（著），朱柔若（譯）（1996），《社會科學研究方法與資料分析》，頁XXX，臺北：揚智文化。
林洲富（2020），《專利法–案例式》，臺北：五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
陳龍昇（2017），《專利法》，臺北：元照出版有限公司。
劉國讚（2021），《專利法之理論與實用》，臺北：元照出版有限公司。
蕭雄淋（2010），《著作權法論》，臺北：五南圖書出版股份有限公司。

二、 期刊論文
王立達（2018.04），〈標準必要專利權行使之國際規範發展與比較分析──FRAND承諾法律性質、禁制令、權利金與競爭法規制〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，第275期，頁87-110。
王偉霖（2020.09），〈契約條款實務——以專利授權契約為例〉講座實錄，《實務研討》，頁1-27。
朱翊瑄（2020），〈新冠肺炎下的智慧財產新思維──美國產學研防疫技術開放授權〉，《科技法律透析》，32卷10期，頁21-28。
宋皇志（2016.12），〈以美國法之全部實質權利原則 為借鏡檢視我國專利專屬授權法制用〉，《政大法學評論》，第147期，頁347-412。
李朋波（2014），〈特斯拉开放专利背后的战略逻辑〉，《企业管理》，第10期，頁24-26。
李素華（2016.03），〈從專利授權契約之本質論專利法相關規範之解釋與適用〉，《政大法學評論》，第144期，頁1-80。
沈宗倫（2014.07），〈專利法之基本用語與法律體系概述〉，《月旦法學教室》，第141期，頁71-81。
沈宗倫（2014.07），〈專利授權與使用排他權耗盡－－以智慧財產法院一○一年度民專訴字第七三號判決為中心〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，第230期，頁280-291。
沈宗倫（2017.06），〈標準必要專利之法定授權與專利權濫用──以誠實信用原則為中心〉，《政大法學評論》，第149期，頁1-83。
倪貴榮（2010），〈WTO 會員設定強制授權事由的權限：以維也納條約法公約之解釋原則分析飛利浦 CD-R 專利特許實施事由與 TRIPs 的相容性〉，《台大法學論叢》，第39卷第3期，頁369-433。
張哲倫（2020），〈從SARS到COVID-19看臺灣於藥品專利強制授權之進程條例的憲法爭議〉，《月旦醫事法報告》，第44期，頁64-78。
張雅媛（2020），〈COVID-19全球流行時的契機：感染管制之轉變與創新〉，《北市醫學雜誌》，第17卷第4期，頁1-12。
莊弘鈺（2020），〈標準必要專利–競爭法管制之分與合〉，《公平交易委員會電子報》，第153期，頁1-4。
莊弘鈺、林艾萱（2019.01），〈標準必要專利競爭法管制之分與合：兼論我國高通案處分〉，《公平交易法季刊》，第27卷第1期，頁1-50。
許炳華（2020），〈專利承諾機制之初探平衡於排他權與公共領域間之專利共享〉，《專利師》，第43期，頁1-15。
陳志清（2020.02），〈「標準必要專利之」（SEP）的授權談判行為之相關發展及其注意事項（上）〉，《廣流智權評析》，第55期，頁1-21。
陳志遠（2018.06），〈從 Impression Products, Inc. v. Lexmark Intern., Inc. 案看美國專利權耗盡原則之最新發展〉，《智慧財產權月刊》，第234期，頁106-123。
馮震宇（2017.06），〈專利授權契約之類型與解除〉，《月旦法學教室》，第176期，頁35-37。
黃國昌（2009.12），〈法學實證研究方法初探〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，第175期，頁142-153。
黃舒芃（2005.05），〈比較法作為法學方法:以憲法領域之法比較為例〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，第120期，頁183-198。
楊宏暉（2015.10），〈標準關鍵專利之濫用與限制競爭〉，《公平交易季刊》，第23卷第4期，頁35-86。
楊智傑（2018.05），〈高通行動通訊標準必要專利授權與競爭法：大陸、南韓、歐盟、美國、臺灣裁罰案之比較〉，《公平交易季刊》，第26卷第2期，頁1-54。
劉孔中（2012），〈專利庫－經濟取向分析下之法制比較與調和〉，《智慧財產評論》，第10卷第1期，頁1-36。
劉國讚（2018.04），〈自動且一致的專利權國際耗盡原則──論美國最高法院Impression v. Lexmark判決〉，《專利師》，第33期，頁160-179。
蔡孟真（2017.08），〈專利授權合約是否可涵蓋失效之專利？－－歐美司法實務見解於我國的借鏡〉，《萬國法律》，第214期，頁2-9。

三、 網路資料
鴻海科技集團，https://www.honhai.com/zh-tw/about/group-profile （最後瀏覽日：03/06/2021）
鄭淑芳，《鴻海專利戰告捷 大陸訴訟再勝嘉澤》，工商時報，載於：.
Charge Smith（2018），《電動車充電連接器規格》，載於：https://www.chargesmith.com/j1772-connector/。
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工研院資通中心專刊 下一波晶片盛世，《前交通大學張俊彥—IC產業應邁向「多條龍」的時代》，載於：https://www.tsia.org.tw/events/2011tsia/semiconductor_02_4.html。
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外文文獻

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Bloomer v. McQuewan, 55 U.S. 539 (1852).
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Pollstar v. Gigmania, Ltd., 170 F. Supp. 2d 974 (E.D. Cal. 2000).
Tesla Motors, Inc. v. Fisker Coachbuild, LLC, No. CIV472032 (Cali. Super. Ct. San Mateo Cnty. Apr. 14, 2008)
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Periodicals
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