共享經濟已通過不同方式融入我們的生活。作為最知名的共享平台Uber，他的便利性為消費者和賣方都帶來了許多好處，因此以拓展到許多國家，但是並非所有的社會都歡迎該平台，有些甚至認為他是對其原始系統的入侵。因此在全球興起了各種共享平台的激烈辯論，有關新技術與社會之間的衝突研究不足。為了填補這一空白，本研究採用關注社會平等的文化視角，旨在探討這種共享技術/平台是否有助於維持社會平等，或者是否有可能破壞其原有常規。在這項研究中，我們使用主題模型方法分析了351篇報紙報導（2014年至2020年）有關台灣Uber的發展和辯論的訊息。在台灣的案例證明，當新技術出現時，制度和社會發揮重要的作用，以及是否為了生存或不可避免的淘汰而對其進行調整。

Sharing economy has been integrated into our life through in different ways. As the most well-known sharing platform, Uber has been expanded to many countries because of its convenience and benefits that brings to both the consumers and the sellers. However, not all societies welcome this platform and some may even consider it to be an invasion to their original system. Given the intensive debate that diverse sharing platforms raised across world, there has been inadequate research that discuss about the conflicts between new technology and society. To fill the gap, this research adopts the perspective of culture focusing on equality in society, and aims to explore whether such sharing technology/platform could help to maintain equality in society or it may disrupt its original routine. In this research, we used topic modeling to analyze 351 newspaper articles (from year 2014 to 2020) about the development and debates of Uber in Taiwan. The case in Taiwan has proven that institution and society play an important role when new technology come in and whether it would be adjusted in order to survive or face an inevitable exile.

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Literature Review 2
2.1 Sharing Economy 2
2.2 System of Innovation 5
2.3 Research Gap 6
Chapter 3 Research Method 6
3.1 Topic Modeling 6
3.2 LDA Algorithm 7
3.3 Research Target 9
3.4 Data Collection 10
Chapter 4 Analysis 11
4.1 Determining the Number of Topics 11
4.2 Coding the Data 11
Chapter 5 Discussion 16
Chapter 6 Conclusions 19
6.1 Theoretical Implications 19
6.2 Practical Implications 20
6.3 Limitations and Future Study 21
References 22
List of Figures
Figure 1 Data Structure of Topic Modeling: Legitimacy 17
Figure 2 Data Structure of Topic Modeling: Efficiency 18
List of Tables
Table 1 Word-Topic Matrix (Top 10 Key Words) 14
Table 2 Topics’ Probability of Presence in Each Year 15

Aldrich, H. E., & Fiol, C. M. (1994). Fools rush in? The institutional context of industry creation. Academy of Management Review, 19(4), 645-670.
Baumer, E. P. S., Mimno, D., Guha, S., Quan, E., & Gay, G. K. (2017). Comparing grounded theory and topic modeling: Extreme divergence or unlikely convergence? Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 68(6), 1397-1410.
Belk, R. (2007). Why not share rather than own? The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 611(1), 126-140.
Berkowitz, H., & Souchaud, A. (2019). (Self-) Regulation of Sharing Economy Platforms Through Partial Meta-organizing. Journal of Business Ethics, 159(4), 961-976.
Blei, D. M. (2012). Probabilistic topic models. Communications of the ACM, 55(4), 77-84.
Blei, D. M., & Lafferty, J. D. (2007). A correlated topic model of science. Annals of Applied Statistics, 1(2), 634-642.
Blei, D. M., Ng, A. Y., & Jordan, M. I. (2003). Latent dirichlet allocation. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3(Jan), 993-1022.
Chang, C., & Glover, G. H. (2009). Effects of model-based physiological noise correction on default mode network anti-correlations and correlations. Neuroimage, 47(4), 1448-1459.
Chen, H., Wang, X., Pan, S., & Xiong, F. (2019). Identify topic relations in scientific literature using topic modeling. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. In Press.
Choudhury, P., Wang, D., Carlson, N. A., & Khanna, T. (2019). Machine learning approaches to facial and text analysis: Discovering CEO oral communication styles. Strategic Management Journal. In Press.
Cohen, B., & Kietzmann, J. (2014). Ride on! Mobility business models for the sharing economy. Organization & Environment, 27(3), 279-296.
Dodgson, M., Hughes, A., Foster, J., & Metcalfe, S. (2011). Systems thinking, market failure, and the development of innovation policy: The case of Australia. Research Policy, 40(9), 1145-1156.
Dougherty, D., & Heller, T. (1994). The illegitimacy of successful product innovation in established firms. Organization Science, 5(2), 200-218.
Eckhardt, G., & Bardhi, F. (2015). Liquid consumption. Asia-Pacific Advances in Consumer Research, 11, 134-135.
Freeman, C. (1995). The ‘National System of Innovation’ in historical perspective. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 19(1), 5-24.
Frenken, K., & Schor, J. (2019). Putting the sharing economy into perspective. In A Research Agenda for Sustainable Consumption Governance. Hants, England: Edward Elgar.
Geroski, P. A. (2000). Models of technology diffusion. Research Policy, 29(4/5), 603-625.
Geva, H., Oestreicher-Singer, G., & Saar-Tsechansky, M. (2019). Using retweets when shaping our online persona: Topic modeling approach. MIS Quarterly, 43(2), 501-524.
Griffiths, T. L., & Steyvers, M. (2004). Finding scientific topics. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences, 101(suppl 1), 5228-5235.
Godin, B. (2009). National innovation system: The system approach in historical Perspective. science, Technology, & Human Values, 34(4), 476-501
Hall, J. D., Palsson, C., & Price, J. (2018). Is Uber a substitute or complement for public transit? Journal of Urban Economics, 108, 36-50.
Hamari, J., Sjöklint, M., & Ukkonen, A. (2016). The sharing economy: Why people participate in collaborative consumption. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 67(9), 2047-2059.
Hannigan, T., Haans, R. F. J., Vakili, K., Tchalian, H., Glaser, V., Wang, M., Kaplan, S., & Jennings, P. D. (2019). Topic modeling in management research: Rendering new theory from textual data. Academy of Management Annals, 13(2), 586-632.
Hargadon, A. B., & Douglas, Y. (2001). When innovations meet institutions: Edison and the design of the electric light. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(3), 476-501.
Hong, S., & Lee, S. (2018). Adaptive governance, status quo bias, and political competition: Why the sharing economy is welcome in some cities but not in others. Government Information Quarterly, 35(2), 283-290.
Kaplan, S., & Vakili, K. (2015). The double‐edged sword of recombination in breakthrough innovation. Strategic Management Journal, 36(10), 1435-1457.
Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C., & Tamura, K. (2018). MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35(6), 1547-1549.
Kung, L. C., & Zhong, G. Y. (2017). The optimal pricing strategy for two-sided platform delivery in the sharing economy. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 101, 1-12.
Lundvall, B.A. (1992). National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning. London: Printer.
Lundvall, B. Å. (Ed.). (2010). National systems of innovation: Toward a theory of innovation and interactive learning (Vol. 2). New York: Anthem press.
Mair, J., & Reischauer, G. (2017). Capturing the dynamics of the sharing economy: Institutional research on the plural forms and practices of sharing economy organizations. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 125, 11-20.
Martin, C. J. (2016). The sharing economy: A pathway to sustainability or a nightmarish form of neoliberal capitalism? Ecological Economics, 121, 149-159.
Mei, Q., Shen, X., & Zhai, C. (2007). Automatic labeling of multinomial topic models. Proceedings of the 13th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining: 490-499.
Mimno, D., Wallach, H. M., Talley, E., Leenders, M., & McCallum, A. (2011). Optimizing semantic coherence in topic models. Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: 262-272.
Momeni, A., & Rost, K. (2016). Identification and monitoring of possible disruptive technologies by patent-development paths and topic modeling. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 104, 16-29.
Moon, Y. (2015). Uber: changing the way the world moves. Harvard Business School, Case, 101.
Müller, O., Junglas, I., vom Brocke, J., & Debortoli, S. (2016). Utilizing big data analytics for information systems research: Challenges, promises and guidelines. European Journal of Information Systems, 25(4), 289-302.
Murthy, D. (2016). The ontology of Tweets: Mixed-method approaches to the study of Twitter. In L. Sloan & A. Quan-Haase (Eds.), The Sage handbook of social media research methods: 559-572. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Natale, F., Fiore, G., & Hofherr, J. (2012). Mapping the research on aquaculture: A bibliometric analysis of aquaculture literature. Scientometrics, 90(3), 983-999.
Netzer, O., Feldman, R., Goldenberg, J., & Fresko, M. (2012). Mine your own business: Market-structure surveillance through text mining. Marketing Science, 31(3), 521-543.
Nelson, R., (1993). National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
Omar, M., On, B.-W., Lee, I., & Choi, G. S. (2015). LDA topics: Representation and evaluation. Journal of Information Science, 41(5), 662-675.
Paik, Y., Kang, S., & Seamans, R. (2019). Entrepreneurship, innovation, and political competition: How the public sector helps the sharing economy create value. Strategic Management Journal, 40(4), 503-532.
Patel, P., & Pavitt, K. (1994). National innovation systems: Why they are important, and how they might be measured and compared. Econ.Innovation. New Technology. 3(1), 77–95.
Richardson, L. (2015). Performing the sharing economy. Geoforum, 67, 121-129.
Rosenblat, A., & Stark, L. (2016). Algorithmic labor and information asymmetries: A case study of Uber’s drivers. International Journal of Communication, 10, 27.
Siggelkow, N. (2007). Persuasion with case studies. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 20-24.
Schmiedel, T., Müller, O., & Vom Brocke, J. (2019). Topic modeling as a strategy of inquiry in organizational research: A tutorial with an application example on organizational culture. Organizational Research Methods, 22(4), 941-968.
Schor, J. (2016). Debating the sharing economy. Journal of Self-Governance and Management Economics, 4(3), 7-22.
Slee, T. (2017). What's yours is mine: Against the sharing economy. New York: Or Books.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. M. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Sundararajan, A. (2016). The sharing economy: The end of employment and the rise of crowd-based capitalism. Cambridge: Mit Press.
Suominen, A., & Toivanen, H. (2016). Map of science with topic modeling: Comparison of unsupervised learning and human-assigned subject classification. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 67(10), 2464-2476.
The Economist (2019). After Uber Arrives, Heavy Drinking Increases, 46, 23-24.
Wallsten, S. (2015). The competitive effects of the sharing economy: How is Uber changing taxis. Technology Policy Institute, 22, 1-21.
Yau, C. K., Porter, A., Newman, N., & Suominen, A. (2014). Clustering scientific documents with topic modeling. Scientometrics, 100(3), 767-786.
Zervas, G., Proserpio, D., & Byers, J. W. (2017). The rise of the sharing economy: Estimating the impact of Airbnb on the hotel industry. Journal of Marketing Research, 54(5), 687-70.