中國的基尼係數在過去十年中一直很高，這意味著中國是一個收入差距較大的國家。然而，公平不僅體現在高收入群體與低收入群體收入平等的程度上，而且還應考慮到是否低收入群體有比較高的機會成爲高收入群體。收入流動性可以反映這種收入不平等的動態變化過程。
收入流動性包括同一家庭不同代人之間的收入不平等，稱為“代際流動”，以及同一代人不同家庭之間的收入不平等，稱為“代內流動”（Becker和Tomes，1979）。
在本文中，我們檢定了2010-2018年間中國的代內收入流動性。我們關注個人或家庭層面的收入流動性，並討論流動性的決定因素。我們使用CFPS數據分析個人/家庭因素的影響，並討論其對社會政策的影響。
我們發現，個人或家庭的收入流動性受到多種因素的影響，包括經濟環境、勞動力市場、人力和物質資本等諸多因素。經濟增長率、義務教育階段學生人均公共預算、受教育程度、移居外省對收入流動性有正向影響，但初始收入、勞動收入佔總收入的比重對其產生負向影響。這些發現在一定程度上對提高中國收入流動性的政策有所幫助。

China's Gini coefficient has been very high over the past ten years, which means that China is a country with a large income gap. However, fairness is not only reflected in the extent of income equality between the rich and the poor, but also consider whether there is a high opportunity to move from the poor to the rich. Income mobility can reflect the dynamics of income inequality.
Income mobility includes the inequality in income between different generations of the same family, which is called “intergenerational mobility”, and the inequality in income between different families in the same generation, which is called “intragenerational mobility” (Becker and Tomes, 1979).
In this thesis, we examine the intragenerational income mobility in China during 2010-2018. We focus on the income mobility at individual or household level and discuss the determinants of the mobility. We use the CFPS data to analyze the influence of individual/household factors and discuss its implication for social policies.
We found that the income mobility of an individual or household is affected by various factors, including economic environment, labor market, their human and physical capital and many other factors. Economic growth rate, public budget of per student in compulsory education, education attainment, emigrating to other provinces have a positive impact on income mobility, but initial income, share of labor income in total income have a negative impact on it. To a certain extent, these findings are helpful to policies to improve China's income mobility.

Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
Chapter 2: Data and Procession 4
2.1 Samples 4
2.1.1 Individual Sample 4
2.1.2 Household Sample 5
2.2 Income 6
2.2.1 Household Total Income 6
2.2.2 Individual Labor Income 6
2.2.3 Individual Total Income 9
2.2.4 Household Labor Income 9
Chpater 3: Measurement Issues 10
3.1 Mobility 10
3.2 Two Measures of Income Mobility 11
Chapter 4: The Extent of Income Mobility from 2010 to 2018 13
4.1 Descriptive Statistics of Income 13
4.1.1 Individual 13
4.1.2 Household 13
4.2 Income Inequality 14
4.3 Transition Matrix 14
4.3.1 Individual 15
4.3.2 Household 18
Chpater 5: Empirical Strategy 21
5.1 Model Specification 21
5.2 Independent Variables 22
5.2.1 Variables for Economy 22
5.2.2 Human and Physical Capital Variables 24
5.2.3 Labor Market Variables 25
5.2.4 Other Variables 25
5.2.5 Variables for Individual Regression 26
5.2.6 Variables for Household Regression 28
Chapter 6: Results 34
6.1 Baseline Results 34
6.2 Robustness Check 1 42
6.3 Robustness Check 2 42
6.4 Robustness Check 3 42
Chapter 7: Conclusion 44
References 46
Appendix 49

Reference

Becker, Gary S and Nigel Tomes. 1979. "An Equilibrium Theory of the Distribution of Income and Intergenerational Mobility." Journal of political Economy, 87(6), 1153-89.
Checchi, Daniele, Vito Peragine and Laura Serlenga. 2016. "Inequality of Opportunity in Europe: Is There a Role for Institutions?" Inequality: Causes and Consequences. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Chen, Lin. 2015. "Enhancing Intergenerational Income Mobility: Which Public Education Does We Need?" Journal of Zhongnan University of Economics and Law.
Chetty, Raj, Nathaniel Hendren, Patrick Kline and Emmanuel Saez. 2014. "Where Is the Land of Opportunity? The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States." The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129(4), 1553-623.
Ding, Ning and Wang, Yougui. 2008. "Household Income Mobility in China and Its Decomposition." China Economic Review, 19(3), 373-80.
Fairlie, Robert W. and Bruce D. Meyer. 1996. "Ethnic and Racial Self-Employment Differences and Possible Explanations." The Journal of Human Resources, 31(4), 757-93.
Fields, Gary S, Robert Duval Hernández, Samuel Freije, María Laura Sánchez Puerta, Omar Arias and Juliano Assunção. 2007. "Intragenerational Income Mobility in Latin America [with Comments]." Economia, 7(2), 101-54.
Fields, Gary S. 2016. "Income Mobility," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1-10.
García-Peñalosa, Cecilia and Stephen J Turnovsky. 2015. "Income Inequality, Mobility, and the Accumulation of Capital." Macroeconomic Dynamics, 19(6), 1332-57.
Hou, Yuna. 2015. "Intergenerational Income Mobility in China and Its Implications for Education Finance Policy," The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong), 219.
Jarvis, Benjamin F and Xi Song. 2017. "Rising Intragenerational Occupational Mobility in the United States, 1969 to 2011." American sociological review, 82(3), 568-99.
Kaya, Vedat, Ali Kemal Çelik and Muhammet Kutlu. 2020. "Personal Income Distribution in Turkey: A Generalized Ordered Logit Analysis." Economic Journal of Emerging Markets, 12(2), 138-50.
Khor, Niny and John Pencavel. 2006. "Household Income Inequality, Income Mobility, and Labor Supply in China and the United States."
Lam, Nguyen Tran and Nguyen Viet Cuong. 2017. "Intragenerational and Intergenerational Mobility in Viet Nam."
Li, Chunling. 2007. "Urban and Rural Migration and Social Mobility." Jiangsu Social Scineces, 2, 88-94.
Li, Haizheng. 2020. "China Human Capital Index Report 2020."
Liu, Chengkui and Yingming He. 2020. "Circumstances,Efforts and Inequality of Income." Studies in Labor Economics, (05), 70-95.
Mao, Yajun. 2011. "Study on the Relationship between Income Distribution Gap and Employment Level in Jiangsu Province," Yangzhou University.
Olivetti, Claudia, M Daniele Paserman and Laura Salisbury. 2014. "Intergenerational Mobility across Three Generations in the 19th Century: Evidence from the Us Census."
Shi, Xuehua, Xiaoyun Liu, Alexander Nuetah and Xian Xin. 2010. "Determinants of Household Income Mobility in Rural China." China & World Economy, 18(2), 41-59.
Song, Xuguang and He, Zongyue. 2018. "The Influence of Fiscal Compulsory Education Expenditure on Intergenerational Income Mobility." Public Finance Research, (2), 64-76.
U.S. Department of the Treasury. 2008. "Income Mobility in the U.S. From 1996 to 2005,"
Wang, Haigang. 2005. "The Household Income Mobility and Its Equalizing Long-Term Income in China." Economic Research Journal, 1, 56-66.
Weinberg, Daniel H. 1979. "The Determinants of Intra-Urban Household Mobility." Regional Science and Urban Economics, 9(2-3), 219-46.
Woolard, Ingrid and Stephan Klasen. 2005. "Determinants of Income Mobility and Household Poverty Dynamics in South Africa." The Journal of Development Studies, 41(5), 865-97.
Yan, Binjian, Zhou, Yingheng and Yu, Xiaohua. 2014. "A Study on Household Income Mobility in Rural China from 1986 to 2010." China Economic Quarterly, 13(3), 939-68.
Yang, Juan and Qiu, Muyuan. 2016. "The Impact of Education on Income Inequality and Intergenerational Mobility." China Economic Review, 37, 110-25.
Yin, Heng, Li, Shi and Deng, Quheng. 2006. "Income Mobility in Urban China [J]." Economic Research Journal, 10(002).
Zang, Emma and Nan Dirk de Graaf. 2016. "Frustrated Achievers or Satisfied Losers? Inter-and Intragenerational Social Mobility and Happiness in China." Sociological Science, 3, 779-800.
Zhou, Xing and Zhang, Peng. 2015. "Intergenerational Occupational Mobility and Intergenerational Income Mobility:An Empirical Research About Urban and Rural Families in China." China Economic Quarterly, (1), 18.