不可替代代幣和區塊鏈技術的概念是我們這個時代的熱門話題。 它們在世界各地廣泛使用，並已被納入經濟和金融實踐中。 近年來，區塊鏈技術發生了令人難以置信的變化。 多個行業採用了區塊鏈解決方案，並培養了它們可以承載的標準和功能數量的快速增長。 此技術擴張趨勢不斷加大，勢必對圖書出版行業產生影響。 目前有一些解決方案，利用可替代、不可替代和半可替代的代幣方式。 本研究論文概述了該領域最大和最受歡迎的作品，介紹了它們使用的方法，並提供了另選項的解決方案，即 Dapp（去中心化應用程序）的以作者為中心的安全系統。

Non-fungible tokens and blockchain technology are becoming increasingly common in recent years, widely used worldwide and included in many financial practices. With the rapid development of blockchain technology, many industries have adopted blockchain solutions, and the number of standards and functionality this technology can carry has increased greatly.
It is likely to also impact the book publishing industry since it provides clear advantages for self-publishing authors, such as anonymity, immutability and transparency.
However, the security of print media is still a serious concern. This study presents two solutions for limiting unauthorized access to these assets- smart contracts, and non-fungible tokens. This paper presents an overview of the largest and most popular methods in the field and provides alternative solutions that can be used as the basis for a more secure author-focused system with decentralized application.

Contents
Abstract i
Chinese Abstract ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table of Contents iv
List of Figures vi
List of Tables vii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Background 4
2.1 Ethereum Blockchain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Wallet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 IPFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4 Encryption Algorithm AES-256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3 Related Works 8
3.1 No point in stopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.1 No point in stopping Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.2 ’No point in stopping’ Blockchain Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Publica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2.1 Publica Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3 Orvium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3.1 Token Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4 Po.et . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4.1 Proof of Existence 2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4.2 Poet Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4.3 Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4 Methodology 17
4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2 Smart contract based approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.3 Token based approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5 Implementation 29
5.1 Back-end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.2 Front-end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.3 Smart Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.3.1 Contract-based . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.3.2 Token-based . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.4 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6 Conclusion 42
6.1 Contract-based approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.2 Token-based approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.3 Preventing Common Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7 Suggestion for Future Research 45
Appendices 51
A Contract code 52
A.0.1 User Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
A.0.2 User Contracts 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
B Functions code 66

[1] Authors and the blockchain - alliance of independent authors. (n.d.). Retrieved July
15, 2022, from https://www.allianceindependentauthors.org/wp-content/uploads/
2017/07/
Authors-and-the-Blockchain_Towards-a-Creator-Centered-Business-Model.pdf
[2]“Banking is only the beginning: 55 big industries blockchain could transform.＂CB
Insights. June 11. Accessed 6 August 2019. (2019). CB Insights. https://
www.cbinsights.com/research/industries-disrupted-blockchain/
[3] Benet, J. (2014, July 14). IPFs - content addressed, versioned, P2P file system.
arXiv.org. Retrieved July 15, 2022, from https://arxiv.org/abs/1407.3561
[4] Bernstein, D. J., Duif, N., Lange, T., Schwabe, P., & Yang, B.-Y. (2012). High-speed
high-security signatures. Journal of Cryptographic Engineering, 2(2), 77–89. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s13389-012-0027-1
[5] Blockchain technology: Beyond Bitcoin (2016), Crosby, Nachiappan, pattanayak,
Verma amp; Kalyanaraman. J2 Capital. (2018, March 27). Retrieved July 15, 2022,
from https://j2-capital.com/blockchain-technology-beyond-bitcoin
[6] Claypool, J. (n.d.). Publishing e-books: Challenges and perspectives. E-Books in
Libraries, 3–18. https://doi.org/10.29085/9781856048002.004
[7] Contents. (n.d.). Retrieved July 15, 2022, from https://tokensale.publica.com/
whitepapers/summary.pdf
[8] Contents. (n.d.). Retrieved July 15, 2022, from https://tokensale.publica.com/
whitepapers/competitors.pdf
[9] Dai, W., Deng, J., Wang, Q., Cui, C., Zou, D., amp; Jin, H. (2018). SBLWT: A secure
blockchain lightweight wallet based on trustzone. IEEE Access, 6, 40638–40648.
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2856864
[10] De Filippi, P. (2016, February 1). Blockchain-based crowdfunding: What impact on
artistic production and art consumption? SSRN. Retrieved July 15, 2022, from
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstractid = 2725373
[11] Dika, A. (1970, January 1). [PDF] Ethereum Smart Contracts: Security
Vulnerabilities and Security Tools: Semantic scholar. undefined. Retrieved July 15,
2022, from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Ethereum-Smart-Contracts
[12] Docs.metamask.io. (n.d.). Retrieved July 15, 2022, from https://docs.metamask.io/
[13] Ethereum improvement proposals (eips). ethereum.org. (n.d.). Retrieved July 15,
2022, from https://ethereum.org/en/eips/
[14] Gas and fees. ethereum.org. (n.d.). Retrieved July 15, 2022, from https://
ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/gas/
[15] Guo, H., & Yu, X. (2022). A survey on Blockchain technology and its security.
Blockchain: Research and Applications, 3(2), 100067. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.bcra.2022.100067
[16] Hamouda, B. E. (2020). Comparative study of different cryptographic algorithms.
Journal of Information Security, 11(03), 138–148. https://doi.org/10.4236/
jis.2020.113009
[17] Hong, S., Noh, Y., & Park, C. (2019). Design of extensible non-fungible token model in
Hyperledger Fabric. Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Scalable and Resilient
Infrastructures for Distributed Ledgers - SERIAL ’19. https://doi.org/
10.1145/3366611.3368142
[18] Industry market research, reports, and Statistics. IBISWorld. (n.d.). Retrieved July
15, 2022, from https://www.ibisworld.com/industry-statistics/market-size/
book-publishing-united-states/
[19] Kansal, S., & Mittal, M. (2014). Performance evaluation of various symmetric
encryption algorithms. 2014 International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and
Grid Computing. https://doi.org/10.1109/pdgc.2014.7030724
[20] Manuel, S., And S. Andrews. (2016, February 16). Blockchain technology: Is 2016 the
year of the blockchain? Blockchain Technology: Is 2016 the Year of the Blockchain?
https://blogs.thomsonreuters.com/answerson/blockchain-technology/
[21] Mendonca, B. de, & Matias, P. (2021). Auditchain: A mechanism for ensuring logs
integrity based on proof of existence in a public blockchain. 2021 11th IFIP
International Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS).
https://doi.org/10.1109/ntms49979.2021.9432639
[22] Milutinovic, M., He, W., Wu, H., & Kanwal, M. (2016). Proof of luck. Proceedings of
the 1st Workshop on System Software for Trusted Execution. https://doi.org/
10.1145/3007788.3007790
[23] Nadini, M., Alessandretti, L., Di Giacinto, F., Martino, M., Aiello, L. M., &
Baronchelli, A. (2021). Mapping the NFT revolution: Market trends, Trade Networks,
and visual features. Scientific Reports, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41598-021-00053-8
[24] No point in stopping White Paper: A publisher-centred ... - qut eprints. (n.d.).
Retrieved July 15, 2022, from https://eprints.qut.edu.au/216819/
[25] One platform for all your publishing needs. Orvium. (n.d.). Retrieved July 15, 2022,
from https://orvium.io/
[26] Po.et whitepaper. (n.d.). Retrieved July 15, 2022, from https://
www.allcryptowhitepapers.com/po-et-whitepaper/
[27] Print books had a huge sales year in 2021. PublishersWeekly.com. (2022, January 6).
Retrieved July 15, 2022, from https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/
industry-news/financial-reporting/article/
88225-print-book-sales-rose-8-9-in-2021.html
[28] Published by Statista Research Department, & 23, M. (2022, May 23). Global
spending on Blockchain Solutions 2024. Statista. Retrieved July 15, 2022, from
https://www.statista.com/statistics/800426/worldwide-blockchain-solutions-spending/
[29] Ryan, M., Macrossan, P., Adams, M., & Cliff, C. (2020). No point in stopping White
Paper: A publisher-centred blockchain model for the book publishing industry.
https://doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.135712
[30] Taylor, H. C. (2020, July 21). The Indie Publishing Gold Rush is over. Medium.
Retrieved July 15, 2022, from https://medium.com/swlh/
the-indie-publishing-gold-rush-is-over-2281272a2ea0
[31] Vujicic, D., Jagodic, D., amp; Randic, S. (2018). Blockchain technology, Bitcoin, and
Ethereum: A brief overview. 2018 17th International Symposium
INFOTEH-JAHORINA (INFOTEH). https://doi.org/10.1109/infoteh.2018.8345547
[32] Wang, Q., Li, R., Wang, Q., amp; Chen, S. (2021, May 16). Non-fungible token (NFT):
Overview, evaluation, opportunities and challenges. arXiv.org. Retrieved July 15,
2022, from https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.07447v1
[33] What blockchain means to authors and book publishing. BoldBooks. (2022, January
20). Retrieved July 15, 2022, from https://boldbooks.com/no/articles/
what-blockchain-means-to-authors
[34] Whitepaper - orvium. (n.d.). Retrieved July 15, 2022, from https://docs.orvium.io/
Orvium-WP.pdf
[35] Wohrer, M., & Zdun, U. (2018). Smart contracts: Security patterns in the ethereum
ecosystem and solidity. 2018 International Workshop on Blockchain Oriented
Software Engineering (IWBOSE). https://doi.org/10.1109/iwbose.2018.8327565
[36] Yli-Huumo, J., Ko, D., Choi, S., Park, S., amp; Smolander, K. (2016). Where is current
research on blockchain technology? —a systematic review. PLOS ONE, 11(10).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163477
[37] Zheng, Z., Xie, S., Dai, H.-N., Chen, W., Chen, X., Weng, J., amp; Imran, M. (2020). An
overview on smart contracts: Challenges, advances and platforms. Future Generation
Computer Systems, 105, 475–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2019.12.019