現代通訊系統不斷追求更快的傳輸速度，由著名的雪農理論(Shannon’s Theorem)了解頻寬、訊雜比與通道容量的關係，為了要提高傳輸速度，第五代及未來的通訊系統將要使用到毫米波(mm-Wave)或是更高頻率的頻段。本論文完成應用於第五代陣列無線通訊系統傳輸端之設計、模擬與量測。
由於第五代通訊系統操作於毫米波高頻頻段，空氣中傳輸的損耗相當大，導致有傳輸距離短、無法穿透固體表面等缺點，藉由陣列天線增強傳輸訊號，和波束成型技術增加等效全向輻射功率(Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power，EIRP)，使傳輸及接收端都有更好的表現。
第二章的陣列貼片天線，使用高頻PCB RT/duroid5880製作，並於毫米波天線實驗室量測，頻率28GHz時得增益12.1dBi、方向性13dBi、效率82%。
第三章的相移器為波束成型的關鍵元件，採用TSMC CMOS 90nm製程，選擇五位元設計11.25度的解析度，使用開關式方便調控及量測，NMOS扮演開關及電容的角色，實現5.35度相位誤差(Phase Error)的五位元相移器。
第四章為可調控增益放大器，採用TSMC CMOS 90nm製程，為了調控增益時有最小的相位變化，加入相位補償機制，藉由電容電感相位變化相反的特性設計，增益調控範圍為6.6dB。
第五章為傳輸端的整合，包括五位元相移器(5-bit Phase Shifter)、可調控增益放大器(Variable Gain Amplifier)、低雜訊放大器(Noise Amplifier)、功率放大器(Power Amplifier)，採用TSMC CMOS 90nm製程，實現26-32.4dB增益、8.9度相位誤差、9.3dBm 1-dB壓縮點輸出功率、功率消耗120.7、面積3mm2。

Fast-growing wireless communication systems demand for extremely high-data-rate transmission. Comprehend the relationship between bandwidth, signal-to-noise ratio, and channel capacity from the famous Shannon’s Theorem. The fifth-generation and future communication systems will use millimeter wave or higher frequency bands. But high-frequency transmissions suffer from several challenges, like more vulnerable to blockage, huge path loss, etc.
Since the 5G technology operate in the millimeter-wave band, the transmission loss quite large, resulting in a very short transmission distance. Phased-array antenna with beamforming technology effectively overcome this challenge. This thesis presents a 28 GHz phased-array transmitter for 5G wireless communications.
The first 28 GHz phased-array antenna was designed and implemented in PCB RT/duroid5880, which is suitable for 5G devices. Measured in the millimeter wave antenna laboratory at NTUST. It has a gain of 12.1 dBi, a directivity of 13 dBi, and antenna efficiency of 82% at 28 GHz.
The second 28 GHz phase shifter plays an important role in beamforming technology has been designed and fabricated on TSMC 90-nm CMOS process. 5-bit switch-type phase shifter design with a resolution of 11.25 degree. The measured rms phase error of 5.3 degree, rms gain error of 2.39 dB, and insertion loss is -18±4.3 dB for all 32 states at 28 GHz. The third 28 GHz variable gain amplifier has been designed and fabricated on TSMC 90-nm CMOS process. A phase compensation circuit is added to minimize phase variation during gain control.
The last work in this thesis integrates the work of the previous chapters and presents a 28 GHz phased-array transmitter, including 5-bit phase shifter, variable gain amplifier, low noise amplifier, and power amplifier in TSMC 90-nm CMOS technology. The transmitter has phase scan and gain control capabilities, which is applicable to 5G micro base stations. The measured gain is 26-32.4 dB, rms phase error of 8.9 degree at 28 GHz. At 1-dB compression point, OP1dB is 9.3 dBm. The power consumption is 120 mW .

摘要 ii
ABSTRACT iii
目錄 v
圖片清單 ix
表格清單 xiv
Chapter 1 緒論 1
1.1. 毫米波頻段與應用 1
1.1.1 毫米波頻段 1
1.1.2 毫米波應用 1
1.2. 波束成型與相位陣列天線系統 2
1.3. 5G通訊 2
1.4. 研究動機及背景 3
Chapter 2 高增益天線陣列設計 4
2.1. 微帶天線 4
2.1.1 微帶天線特性 4
2.1.2 設計原理 4
2.1.3 天線陣列理論 6
2.2. 28-GHz微帶天線 8
2.3. 量測結果 13
2.4. 結論 15
Chapter 3 28-GHz 五位元開關式相移器 17
3.1. 介紹 17
3.1.1 相移器應用 17
3.1.2 相移器的種類 17
3.1.2.1 相量調變式相移器(vector modulation phase shifter) 18
3.1.2.2 分佈式相移器(distributed phase shifter) 19
3.1.2.3 反射式相移器(Reflective-type phase shifter) 19
3.2. 相移器的重要參數 20
3.2.1 均方根相位誤差(RMS Phase Error) 20
3.2.2 均方根增益誤差(RMS Gain Error) 21
3.3. 28-GHz 5-bit 開關式相移器 21
3.3.1 開關式相移器 21
3.3.2 開關式相移器架構 22
3.4. 模擬及量測結果 33
3.4.1 模擬結果 33
3.4.2 量測結果 35
3.5. 結論 39
Chapter 4 28-GHz低相位變化可調增益放大器 41
4.1. 可調控增益放大器介紹 41
4.1.1 介紹 41
4.1.2 可調增益放大器 42
4.2. 設計內容 43
4.2.1 原理 43
4.2.2 設計分析 46
4.2.3 可調控增益放大器相位分析 47
4.2.4 相位補償電感 51
4.3. 模擬與量測 53
4.3.1 模擬結果 54
4.3.2 量測結果 55
4.4. 結論 58
4.4.1 文獻比較 59
Chapter 5 矽光子光載毫米波系統傳輸端 60
5.1. 毫米波應用 60
5.2. 介紹 63
5.2.1 增益(Gain) 63
5.2.2 效率(Efficiency) 63
5.2.3 雜訊因子(Noise Figure) 64
5.2.4 線性度 (Linearity) 65
5.2.5 穩定度(Stability) 68
5.3. 應用於矽光子毫米波28-GHz傳輸端電路 69
5.3.1 28GHz 低雜訊放大器 70
5.3.2 28GHz五位元相移器 76
5.3.3 28GHz相位補償之可調控增益放大器 76
5.3.4 28-GHz可適性偏壓功率放大器 77
5.4. 模擬及量測結果 85
5.4.1 模擬結果 85
5.4.2 量測結果 89
5.5. 結論 93
5.5.1 文獻比較 96
Chapter 6 結論 97
References 98

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