With the advancements in Internet-of-Things (IoT), the world is approaching towards an ever-growing concept of point-of-care wearable devices which is defined by a more personalized approach with better outcomes and higher user convenience. However, the current modalities of wearable devices relies on external rigid batteries as power source which leads to high power consumption, makes the devices bulky and increases risks for environmental pollution. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop next-generation of self-powered wearable devices which can function without external power supplies, rendering a sustainable solution in this era of energy crisis. In this regard, energy harvesting technologies known as the nanogenerators have emerged as promising platforms for realizing the concept of self-powering. Amongst all, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) which can efficiently convert the mechanical energies from our surroundings into electricity have garnered immense attention as a novel green energy technology. Despite encouraging developments, their utilization is challenged in terms of biocompatibility, wearability, conformability, durability, and inadequate functionalities. This thesis work aims to design solve the address the limitations of TENG for wearable applications by fabricating lightweight and highly customizable self-powered platforms which can be used for on-body biomedical and sensing approaches. Relying to the fact that TENGs can generate electrical output, it has been utilized as on-body electrical stimulation (ES) module for wound healing. In this work, a next generation of wearable self-powered wound dressings is developed that can be activated by diverse stimuli from the patient’s body and provide on-demand treatment for both normal and infected wounds. The highly tunable dressing is composed of thermocatalytic bismuth telluride nanoplates (Bi2Te3 NPs) functionalized onto carbon fiber fabric electrodes and triggered by the surrounding temperature difference to controllably generate hydrogen peroxide to effectively inhibit bacterial growth at the wound site. The integrated electrodes are connected to a wearable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) to provide electrical stimulation for accelerated wound closure by enhancing cellular proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. Apart from therapeutic stimulation, the electrical energy from TENGs can also be employed as sensing cues for detection of chemical analytes. Moreover, triboelectricity combined with robotics can present tremendous opportunities for developing self-powered tools for on-site chemical sensing with minimized human exposure. Here, we have developed an innovative self-powered triboelectric nanosensor integrated with a robotic hand with additional wireless transmission functionality to detect Hg2+ ions in in resource-limited settings. The robotic hand was mounted with a solid triboelectric material, which underwent periodic contact and separation with the target ion solution, leading to the in situ detection of Hg2+ ions owing to its highly selective binding. The output signal was wirelessly transmitted, with the help of a built-in wireless microcontroller unit placed at the back of the robotic hand, in real-time to the smart devices which resulted in an enhanced user-friendly experience for hazard monitoring.

List of Contents
摘要 …………………………………………………………………………………i
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………...iii
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………...v
Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………1
Chapter 2 Literature Review and Theory 12
2.1 An Overview of Self-Powered Systems 12
2.1.1 Types of Self-Powered Systems 12
2.1.2 Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENG) 16
2.1.3 Applications of TENG 23
2.1.4 Therapeutic Applications of TENG 26
2.2 TENG-based electrical stimulation for wound healing 29
2.2.1 Wound Healing Process 29
2.2.2 Conventional Treatments for Wound Healing 33
2.2.3 Self-Powered Systems for Wound Healing 39
2.2.4 TENG for wound healing applications 44
2.3 Point-of use chemical sensing methodologies 47
2.3.1 Mercury ion pollution 47
2.3.2 Conventional methods for mercury sensing 49
2.3.3 Self-powered methods for chemical sensing 50
2.3.4 TENG based systems for chemical sensing 52
2.3.5 Robotics integrated platforms for automated chemcial sensing 58

Chapter 3 Development of Self-Powered Systems for Wound Healing 63
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Experimental 68
3.2.1 Preparation of chitosan hydrogel 68
3.2.2 Synthesis of Bi2Te3 NPs 69
3.2.3 Preparation of the wound dressing 70
3.2.4 Characterization 71
3.2.5 Detection of H2O2 generated by Bi2Te3 NPs 72
3.2.6 Preparation of the bacterial culture 74
3.2.7 In-vitro antibacterial activity of wound dressing 74
3.2.8 Fabrication of an arch-shaped TENG 75
3.2.9 Characterization and electrical measurement of TENG 76
3.2.10 In-vitro cell culture 77
3.2.11 Cytotoxicity study of the wound dressing 77
3.2.12 Cell proliferation and migration assays 78
3.2.13 In-vivo wound healing assay 80
3.2.14 In-vivo infected wound healing assay 81
3.2.15 Histological and immunohistological analysis 83
3.2.16 Statistical analysis 84
3.3 Results & Discussions 85
3.3.1 Fabrication of the wound dressing 85
3.3.2 Characterization of Bi2Te3 NPs 87
3.3.3 Characterization of chitosan hydrogel 93
3.3.4 Properties of the wound dressing 94
3.3.5 Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 96
3.3.6 In-vitro antibacterial activity of wound dressing 101
3.3.7 Design and characterization of an arch-shaped TENG 110
3.3.8 Effect of TENG-based electrical stimulation on cell behavior 117
3.3.9 Normal wound healing using TENG based ES 124
3.3.10 Histomorphological and immunofluorescence staining of normal wound tissues 129
3.3.11 Infected wound healing using hybrid treatment strategy 133
3.3.12 Histomorphological and immunofluorescence staining of infected wound tissues 144
3.4 Conclusions 151
Chapter 4 Development of Self-Powered Systems for Chemical Sensing 155
4.1 Introduction 155
4.2 Experimental 159
4.2.1 Chemicals 159
4.2.2 Growth of functional Te NWs on the aluminum substrate 160
4.2.3 Sensing process of S-L TENS 160
4.2.4 Integration of triboelectric nanosensor with the robotic hand 161
4.2.5 Robotic hand-based detection of Hg2+ ions 161
4.2.6 Detection of Hg2+ ions in samples using the robotic hand-based chemical sensor 162
4.2.7 Material characterization and electrical measurement 163
4.2.8 Electrical measurements for the Hg2+ ion sensing 164
4.3 Results & Discussions 165
4.3.1 Design of the robotic chemical sensor 165
4.3.2 Characterization of binding of Hg2+ ions to Te NWs 168
4.3.3 Sensing performance of S–L TENS with DI water as a contact solvent…..174
4.3.4 Sensing performance of S–L TENS with Acetone as a contact solvent 179
4.3.5 Characterization of Te NWs and HgTe NWs after contact 185
4.3.6 Stability, sensitivity, and selectivity of S-L TENS 190
4.3.7 Multiple analyte sensing ability of the robotic chemcial sensor…………..194
4.3.8 Robotic chemical sensor based Hg2+ detection in real samples 201
4.4 Conclusions 204
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Future Prespective 206
References....209
Publications.....263
Conferences.....267

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