激光直接合成和圖案化 (LDSP) 是一種快速且經濟的工藝，它利用無粒子離子溶液來實現柔性電子電路。 用於銀的 LDSP 已得到充分開發和證明。 在這項研究中，研究了銅基 LDSP 作為高成本銀的替代品，以提高成品率並促進 LDSP 的應用。 開發了以水為溶劑、L-抗壞血酸為還原劑的環保型離子溶液，用於在聚對苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 (PET) 基板上形成銅微線圖案。 為了進一步提高導電性和機械耐久性，進行了激光再加熱後處理。 經過 1000 次循環彎曲測試後，通過後處理實現了高達 39% 的電阻降低和高達 77% 的機械耐久性增強。 使用優化的激光參數製造的銅微線的電阻率非常低，為 4.7µΩ cm。 除了導電性和機械耐用性之外，質量也很重要，特別是對於超精細和精密的導電圖案。 以前的研究表明，已開發的 LDSP 微線表面呈凹曲率。 因此，通過數值模擬和實驗對傳輸現象進行了分析，並以 LDSP 對銀微結構的圖案化為例進行了闡述。 發現熱毛細管流動，即 Marangoni 是表面重建背後的主要機制。 開發了一個經驗模型來確定銀微線的理論橫截面輪廓。 理論結果與實驗結果相符，誤差小於12%。 此外，沒有報告激光誘導還原和沈積過程（如 LDSP）的化學反應速率的定量表示。 在 LDSP 過程中微氣泡的形成是不可避免的，因為氣體的產生伴隨著還原化學反應。 我們的文獻綜述表明，對於具有氣泡形成和生長的兩相流環境，缺乏全面的激光誘導光熱反應模型。 因此，進一步進行傳輸現像以研究 LDSP 過程中的微氣泡動力學。 依賴於溫度的反應速率源自對反應流體中的液-氣相變與激光誘導加熱相結合的熱分析。 所提出的模型對附加參數集的預測結果通過實驗驗證，在最高反應速率下的相對誤差為 6.2%。

Laser direct synthesis and patterning (LDSP) is a fast and economical process that utilizes particle-free ionic solution to realize flexible electronic circuitry. LDSP for silver is well-developed and demonstrated. In this study, copper based LDSP as an alternative to high cost silver was investigated to increase the yield rate and to promote the application of LDSP. Water as solvent and L-ascorbic acid as reducing agent based eco-friendly ionic solution was developed for patterning copper microlines on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. To further improve the electrical conductivity and to enhance mechanical durability, laser reheating post-processing was conducted. Up to 39% reduction of electrical resistance and up to 77% enhancement of mechanical durability after a 1000 cycle bending test was achieved by post-processing. The resistivity of the copper microlines fabricated with optimized laser parameters was remarkably low at 4.7µΩ cm. In addition to conductivity and mechanical durability, quality is also important especially for ultra-fine and precise conductive patterns. Previous studies showed concave curvature on the surface of developed LDSP microlines. Therefore, an analysis of the transport phenomena by both numerical simulation and experiment was carried out and patterning of silver microstructure by LDSP was elaborated as an example. Thermo-capillary flow, i.e. the Marangoni was found to be the dominant mechanism behind the surface reconstruction. An empirical model was developed to determine theoretical cross-section profile of silver microline. Theoretical results were consistent with the experimental results with the discrepancy of less than 12%. Furthermore, quantitative representation of chemical reaction rate was not reported for laser induced reduction and deposition processes (such as LDSP). Micro-bubble formation was inevitable during LDSP because gas generation is accompanied with the reductive chemical reactions. Our literature review revealed a scarcity of comprehensive laser-induced photothermal reaction models for a two-phase flow environment with bubble formation and growth. Therefore, transport phenomena were further carried out to investigate micro-bubble dynamics in the LDSP process. A temperature dependent reaction rate was derived from a thermal analysis of the liquid-vapor phase change in the reacting fluid coupled with laser-induced heating. The predicted results from proposed model for additional set of parameters was validated experimentally with a relative error of 6.2% at the highest reaction rate.

4.3.1 Numerical Simulation 56
4.3.2 Formulation of Arrhenius Equation 58
Chapter 5: LDSP of Conductive Copper on PET 63
5.1 Copper-Based Flexible Conductor 63
5.1.1 Preparation of Eco-Friendly Copper Ionic Solution 63
5.1.2 Experimental Setup 65
5.1.3 Results and Discussion 67
5.2 Laser Post-Processing 69
5.2.1 Electrical Conductivity 69
5.2.2 Mechanical Durability 71
5.2.3 SEM Analysis 76
5.3 Reaction Temperature Estimation 82
Chapter 6: Conclusions and Future Outlook 85
6.1 Conclusions 85
6.2 Future Outlook 87
References 89

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