有機發光二極體（Organic Light Emitting Diode, OLED）具有高對比、面光源、寬視角、可撓曲、超高顯色指數等侵入性性質，使其被廣泛應用於顯示器與照明市場，隨著OLED的應用性日漸增高，如何降低生產成本與克服元件在效率提升所遇到的瓶頸，有其研究之重要性；目前奈米金屬粒子，因具有能產生侷域性表面電漿共振效應（Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance, LSPR) 之性質，能顯著提高元件之效率，使其常被廣泛應用於奈米光電元件上，而現今最常被研究的奈米金屬粒子為金與銀，較少有將奈米銅粒子（CuNPs）應用於OLED元件之相關研究，和奈米金與銀相比其成本較低，且能產生局域性表面電漿共振效應，可透過簡單的製程將其應用於OLED濕式元件製作，可見其能應用於OLED元件製作的可行性。
本研究藉由將銅奈米粒子（30~40 nm）以不同的濃度摻雜於電洞注入層材料Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)，以探討其對不同光色之元件效率的影響；結果顯示，當銅奈米粒子摻雜的濃度為0.5 v%時，其能夠有效強化紅、綠光元件之能量效率、外部量子效率；在100 cd/m2下，紅光與綠光之能量效率分別提升27% (23.4→29.7 lm/W)與15％ (50.2→57.8 lm/W)；外部量子效率皆提升21%（10.6→12.9 %與13.4→16 %）；元件表現能夠提升可歸因於：（1）紅光元件能產生局域性表面電漿共振效應，產生庫侖斥力，有效地將電子阻擋於發光層中，增加電子與電洞的結合率；（2）摻雜之奈米銅粒子，其部分會氧化為奈米亞銅粒子，而其為良好的P-type材料，能夠有效降低電洞注入能障，增加元件之電流密度，以此提升元件效率。

Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) have many disruptive characteristics, such as high contrast, flat light source, wide viewing angle, flexible, and ultra-high color rendering index. These advantages have made OLEDs widely been used in display and lighting market. With the application of OLEDs has become more and more popular, how to reduce cost and overcome the problems that we face on device improvement is really important. Currently, nano-metal particles have localized surface plasmon resonance effects (LSPR) feature. This characteristic can significantly enhance device performance. Because of the advantage, nano-metal particles have widely been used in nano-optoelectronic devices. Nowadays, gold and silver nanoparticles are the most commonly be studied. There are few related studies on the application of nano copper particles (CuNPs) in OLED devices. Its cost is lower than nano-gold and silver particles, and it also has localized surface plasmon resonance effect feature. Besides, it can be applied in OLEDs wet process through a simple process, which shows the feasibility of its application in OLEDs.
Therefore, in this study, nano copper particles (30~40nm) with different concentrations were doped in the hole injection layer material Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and explored the effect on different colors device performance. The results show that when the doping concentration of copper nanoparticles is 0.5 v%, it can effectively enhance the power efficacy and external quantum efficiency of red and green devices. For example, at 100 cd/m2, the power efficacy of red and green devices increased by 27% (23.4→29.7 lm/W) and 15% (50.2→57.8 lm/W) respectively. The external quantum efficiency increased by 21% (10.6→12.9%) and 19% (13.4→16 %) respectively. These improvements may be attributed to : (1) Red device can induce localized surface plasmon resonance effect, produce coulomb repulsion, effectively block electrons in the emission layer, and increase the combination rate of electrons and holes, (2) The partial doping nano copper particles (CuNPs) is oxidized to nano cuprous oxide particles (Cu2O), which is a well P-type material, and it can effectively reduce the hole injection energy barrier and increase the current density of the device to improve device performance.

摘要 I
Abstract III
致謝 V
目錄 X
表格目錄 XIV
圖目錄 XV
壹、緒論 1
貳、有機發光二極體發展 3
2-1、 有機發光二極體基本結構 3
2-2、OLED發光機制與原理 4
2-3、發光材料種類與機制 6
2-4、OLED材料之發展 10
2-4-1、基材材料 10
2-4-2、電極材料 11
2-4-3、電洞注入層 12
2-4-4、電洞傳輸層 12
2-4-5、發光層 12
2-4-6、電子傳輸層 13
2-4-7、電子注入層 14
2-5、 主客體能量傳遞 14
2-6、 OLED效率計算 17
2-7、 CIE 1931色彩空間 18
參、奈米粒子提升OLED效率之發展 20
3-1、奈米粒子材料之性質 20
3-2-1、表面電漿共振效應 20
3-2-2、局域性表面電漿共振（Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance, LSPR） 21
3-3、奈米粒子應用回顧 23
肆、 實驗方法 35
4-1、 材料的選用 35
4-1-1、 材料之名稱與功能 35
4-1-2、使用材料之化學結構 37
4-2、 材料性質分析 40
4-2-1、紫外光/可見光吸收光譜-UV/VIS分析 40
4-2-2、 奈米粒徑分佈分析儀 40
4-2-3、晶體繞射（XRD）分析 41
4-2-4、掃描探針顯微鏡系統（AFM）分析 41
4-2-5、α-step薄膜厚度輪廓測度儀 42
4-3、 元件製程 42
4-3-1、 ITO玻璃基板電路設計 42
4-3-2、 ITO玻璃基板清潔與前處理 43
4-3-3、電洞傳輸層（HTL）摻雜奈米銅粒子之製備 44
4-3-4、發光層（EML）之製備 45
4-3-5、濕式元件旋轉塗佈薄膜製程 45
4-3-6、真空蒸鍍薄膜製程 46
4-3-7、電子傳輸層（ETL）之鍍膜 47
4-3-8、電洞注入層（EIL）與鋁（Al）之鍍膜 47
4-4、元件發光效率之量測 48
伍、 結果與討論 50
5-1、奈米銅粒子分散液之物理性質 50
5-2、元件結構 51
5-3、奈米銅粒子摻雜之薄膜元素分析 52
5-4、奈米銅粒子對元件的影響 55
5-4-1、紅光元件 55
5-4-2、綠光元件 59
5-4-3、藍光元件 63
5-5、奈米銅粒子摻雜對電洞注入層與元件表現的影響 66
5-5-1、局域性表面電漿共振（LSPR） 66
5-5-2、粒徑大小的選擇 73
5-5-3、濃度效應 73
5-5-4、對電洞注入層之影響 74
5-5-5、對薄膜粗糙度的影響 76
陸、 結論 78
柒、參考資料 80
附錄一、個人著作目錄 88
附錄二、獲獎紀錄 89

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