1945年美國貝爾實驗室設計、通用電氣公司製造出以鎂為陽極，氯化銀為陰極之海水電池作為魚雷電源及照明設備。但由於氯化銀成本昂貴且有汙染海洋的情況，陸陸續續有許多不具銀成份的材料被研究做為替代的海水電池陰極。我們承襲這樣的想法，去設計一個穩定而無汙染的海水電池。
承前學長姐在電池陰極與電池水流循環之研究，我們選定鎳為陰極板來解決成本及汙染之問題。於本研究中，首要提高單位空間內的電流輸出量，必然優先縮短陰極與楊極之間的距離，然而距離過小的時電極板可能會因為接觸而造成短路，故加入間隔物於海水電池陰極陽極間，一方面提升海水電池之空間使用率另一方面也可以解決陰陽電極接觸短路的問題。此外完整海水電池系統中需要通以水流循環解決氫氧化鎂沉澱以及氧氣消耗之問題，本實驗設計一個以海水電池本身產出的之電流驅動馬達達到水流循環，以串並聯方式觀察其放電表現。最後，我們藉由增加金屬反應面積來提升電流，並且以定電流放電測試其壓降表現。

In 1945, Nokia Bell Labs and GM developed seawater powering module (seawater battery) using Mg as anode and AgCl as cathode. Eco-issue then arises due to chemical composition of cathode. Therefore, Ag-free materials have been tested and, based on previous research, we designed a stable seawater battery with cathode highly resistance to oxidation. In order to enhance output performance, we upgrade seawater cell in three aspects. First, suitable materials are selected as anode and cathode. Second, seawater is recycled. Third, seawater cells are arranged for an optimal output of power.

第一章、文獻回顧 1
1.1海水電池起源 1
1.2海水電池介紹 2
1.2.1海水電池的發展 2
1.2.2海水電池的組成 6
1.2.3海水電池化學反應式 10
1.3陰極選擇 12
1.3.1 CNT&導電高分子 PEDOT:PSS 12
1.3.2黃銅鍍鎳 15
1.4 水循環系統 16
1.5 電池內部電動勢對海水電池效能的影響 19
第二章、研究動機 20
第三章、實驗技術與原理 21
3.1實驗流程 21
3.2藥品與儀器 22
3.2.1藥品與耗材 22
3.2.2儀器 23
3.2.3海水電池基本組成 24
3.2.4海水電池模具 25
3.2.5水循環系統 26
3.3 實驗分析 27
3.3.1定電流放電 27
3.3.2 X-ray繞射分析 29
3.3.3感應耦合電漿原子發射光譜儀 30
3.3.4掃描式電子顯微鏡分析(SEM) 32
第四章、結果與討論 33
4.1電極間距離與間隔物放電結果之討論 33
4.2海水流通對電池效能之影響 39
4.3極板尺寸與電流之討論 42
4.4加入水循環成為完整電池系統之討論 44
4.5海水電池與市售電池電容量之比較 46
4.6電極與導線連接之討論 48
4.7沉澱物分析(感應耦合電漿原子發射光譜儀/XRD) 51
第五章、結論 55
參考文獻 56

1. Milford, Frederick J. "US Navy Torpedoes." Part Three: WW II Development of Conventional Torpedoes 1946 (1940): 67-80.
2. Raymond L. Tayloig'Summit, N. J., assigner to Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, New York, N. Y., a corporation of New York, UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE‐SEA‐WATER BATTERY. 1945.
3. Hasvold Ø, Henriksen H, Melvær E, Citi G, Johansen BØ, Kjønigsen T, et al. Sea water battery for subsea control systems. J Power Sources 1997;65(1-2):253-61.
4. 馮 豔, 王日初, 彭超群, 海水電池用鎂陽極的研究與應用, The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals 2011; 21(2)
5. Koontz, R., et al., Magnesium water-activated batteries, in Handbook of batteries. 2002, McGraw-Hill: New York. p. 17.1-17.27(原2)
6. Hasvold,Ø.;Henriksen,H.;Melv˦r,E.;Citi,G.;Johansen,B.Ø.;Kjønigsen,T.;Galetti,R.,Sea‐water battery for subsea control systems. Journal of Power Sources 1997, 65 (1–2), 253‐261.
7. Hasvold,Ø.; Lian, T.; Haakaas, E.; Størkersen, N.; Perelman, O.; Cordier, S., CLIPPER: a long‐range, autonomous underwater vehicle using magnesium fuel and oxygen from the sea. Journal of power sources 2004, 136 (2), 232‐239.
8. Koontz, RF, et al., Magnesium water-activated batteries, in Handbook of batteries. 2002, McGraw-Hill: New York. p. 17.1-17.27
9. Medeiros MG, Dow EG, Magesium-solution phase catholyte seawater electrochemical system, J Power Sources 1999; 80(1-2); 78-82
10. Baidu available:
https://baike.baidu.com/item/镁合金腐蚀
11. 戴昌鳳, 台灣區域海洋學, p243, 2014
12. Hasvold,Ø, in T. Keily and B.W. Baxter (eds.), Power Sources 13,International Power Sources Committee, Crowborough, UK, 1991, pp.307-318.
13. ∅istein Hasvold , et al., Sea-water battery for subsea control systems , Journal of Power Sources 1997, 65, 253-261
14. Ono S, Asami K, Osaka T, Masuko N. Structure of aodic films on magnesium. J Electrochem Soc 1996; 143(3); L62-3
15. Hassanien A., et al., Geometrical structure and electronic properties of atomically resolved multiwall carbon nanotubes. Applied Physics Letters, 1999.75(18): p.2755-2757
16. Hou J, Zhu G, Xu J, Liu H, Anticorrosion performance of epoxy coatings containing small amount of inherently conducting PEDOT/PSS on hull steel in seawater . J Mater Sci Technol 2013;290(7):678-84
17. Shi H, Liu C, Xu J, Song H, Lu B, Jiang F, et al. Facile fabrication of PEDOT:PSS/polythiophenes bilayered nonofilms on pure organic electrodes and their thermoelectric performance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2013; 5(24):12811-9.
18. Xu H, Wang Y, Luo Z, Pan Y. A miniature all-solid-state calcium electrode applied to in situ seawater measurement. Mean Sci Technol 2013; 24(12):125105
19. Frank L . 3 ,4-alkylenedioxy2thiophene copolymer[P] . EP , 1 323 763 , 2003.
20. Worldwide, M. I., Dynamic Light Scattering Introduction.
21. Wang T J ,Qi Y Q ,Chen P , et al. Effect of addition of poly (ethylene glycol) on electrical conductivity of poly (3 ,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly (styrene sulfonate) hybrid[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin , 2003 , 48(22) : 244422445.
22. 陳筱玲,奈米碳管/PEDOT:PSS複合材作為海水電池陰極之研究,碩士論文,2016.
23. 陳劭宇,海水發電模組設計與最佳輸出功率之研究,碩士論文,2017.
24. Montaser, Akbar, and Danold W. Golightly. "Inductively coupled plasmas in analytical atomic spectrometry." (1987).
25. EAG, ICP-OES/MS , available from:
https://eaglabs.com.tw/icp-oes-ms.html
26. Quinn, Jason B., et al. "Energy density of cylindrical Li-ion cells: a comparison of commercial 18650 to the 21700 cells." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 165.14 (2018): A3284.