本論文主要研究真空製程鈣鈦礦太陽能電池，透過載子傳輸層的改良、加入不同鈍化層以及針對鈣鈦礦主動層改質和製程研究，來提升元件表現及其穩定性。
　　第一章中概述鈣鈦礦太陽能電池發展，說明鈣鈦礦太陽能電池工作原理、光電特性、元件結構、製備與量測方法，並針對載子傳輸層和鈍化處理作發展簡介。
　　第二章中以正結構有機金屬鈣鈦礦為主，先優化PbI2蒸鍍速率找出順序型真空蒸鍍最佳製程參數，接著進行1,4,5,8,9,11-Hexaazatriphenylenehexacarbonitrile (HATCN) 作為電洞介面層以及將2,2’-(perfluoronaphthalene-2,6-diylidene) dimalononitrile (F6TCNNQ) 摻雜於電洞傳輸層實驗，在太陽光下元件效率分別達16.2%以及17.9%。
　　第三章中以反結構無機之銫基鉛鈣鈦礦為主，測試不同鈍化層對薄膜光致放光頻譜與載子生命期影響，以確認鈍化處理成效，其中n-octylammonium bromide (OABr) 鈍化處理鈣鈦礦載子生命期達12.7 ns，並可增加鈣鈦礦於大氣下穩定度。接著將鈍化處理薄膜製備成元件，並觀察於太陽光和室內光下表現，其中n-butylammonium iodide (BAI) 鈍化處理於太陽光下效率達12.2%，而phenethylammonium bromide (PEABr) 鈍化處理於室內光下效率達33.7%。章節後半將F6TCNNQ摻雜於電洞傳輸層中，結構經優化後，太陽光下效率為11.4%。最後將5,10,15-tribenzyl-5H-diindolo[3,2-a:3’,2’-c]-carbazole (TBDI) 作為電洞傳輸層並搭配MoO3摻雜，於太陽光下效率達12.9%，且填充因子可達0.77。
　　第四章中同樣是反結構無機之銫基鉛鈣鈦礦，但採用球磨機械化學法合成前驅物粉末，並用高功率單蒸鍍源進行蒸鍍。首先我在CsPbI3中摻雜微量Ca並用梯度式退火法，於太陽光下元件效率為8.9%。接著於CsPbI2Br中摻雜少量CsCl，於室內光下元件效率為26.5%。最後用熱壓製膜機在高壓下對CsPbI2Br進行退火，於室內光下元件效率達30.9%。
　　第五章則為本論文之總結，同時作為將來相關研究之參考依據。

　　In this thesis, we focused on the studying of the vacuum-deposited perovskite solar cells. We improved device performance and stability by the methods including selecting and optimizing carrier transporting layers, incorporating different passivation layers, fine-tuning the fabrication process of the perovskite active layers.
　　In the first chapter, we briefly reviewed the development of perovskite solar cells, carrier transporting layers and passivation techniques. We also explicated the operation principles and characteristics of perovskite solar cells, followed by details of device structures, materials analyses, device fabrication and characteristics measurements.
　　In the second chapter, we prepared organic-metal halide perovskites in the p-i-n structure. First, we optimized the evaporation rates of PbI2 and determined the best process parameters for the sequential vacuum deposition. After that, we used 1,4,5,8,9,11-Hexaazatriphenylenehexacarbonitrile (HATCN) as hole-interfacial layers to fabricate devices and obtained a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.2% under 1 sun illumination. Lastly, the devices with 2,2’-(perfluoronaphthalene-2,6-diylidene) dimalononitrile (F6TCNNQ) doped hole-transporting layers were prepared and they exhibited a PCE of 17.9% under 1 sun condition.
　　In the third chapter, we prepared inorganic cesium-based lead halide perovskites in n-i-p structure. We tested the effects of different passivation layers on the photoluminescence (PL) lifetime of perovskite films to confirm the effects of the passivation layers. Among these tests, the perovskite films that were passivated by n-octylammonium bromide (OABr) showed a PL lifetime of 12.7 ns and a better stability under the ambient air. Furthermore, we utilized the passivation films to fabricate devices and measured their characteristics under both 1 sun and indoor light condition. The devices passivated by n-butylammonium iodide (BAI) showed a PCE of 12.2% under 1 sun illumination, and the devices passivated by phenethylammonium bromide (PEABr) exhibited a PCE of 33.7% under indoor fluorescent light illumination. In the second half of this chapter, we doped F6TCNNQ in hole-transporting layers and the device showed a PCE of 11.4% under 1-sun illumination. Also, the device used 5,10,15-tribenzyl-5H-diindolo[3,2-a:3’,2’-c]-carbazole (TBDI) as hole-transporting layers and doped with MoO3 showed a PCE of 12.9% and a fill factor of 0.77 under 1-sun illumination.
　　In the fourth chapter, we prepared inorganic cesium-based lead halide perovskite photovoltaic devices in the n-i-p structure. The structure remained the same as discussed in the previous chapter, but we prepared precursor powders by ball-grinding mechanochemical synthesis and fabricated the devices by the single-source vacuum deposition. First, we doped CsPbI3 with Ca and annealed the films under gradient temperatures. The device exhibited a PCE of 8.9% under 1-sun illumination. In addition, the devices with CsCl-doped CsPbI2Br active layers were fabricated and exhibited a PCE of 26.5% under indoor fluorescent light illumination. Finally, we annealed the CsPbI2Br perovskite layers under a high compressed pressure and the device showed a PCE of 30.9% under indoor fluorescent light illumination.
　　In the fifth chapter, we made a summary of this thesis and expected it could be a reference for the future research.

摘要----------------------------------------------------------------I
Abstract-----------------------------------------------------------II
致謝---------------------------------------------------------------IV
目錄----------------------------------------------------------------V
圖目錄------------------------------------------------------------VII
表目錄--------------------------------------------------------------X
Chapter 1 序論------------------------------------------------------1
1-1 前言------------------------------------------------------------1
1-2 鈣鈦礦太陽能電池發展簡介------------------------------------------2
1-3 鈣鈦礦太陽能電池原理與特性----------------------------------------7
1-3.1 工作原理-------------------------------------------------------7
1-3.2 光電特性-------------------------------------------------------8
1-4 鈣鈦礦太陽能電池元件分析、製備與量測-----------------------------11
1-4.1 材料的性質量測------------------------------------------------11
1-4.2 元件結構------------------------------------------------------13
1-4.3 元件製備------------------------------------------------------13
1-4.4 元件量測------------------------------------------------------15
1-5 蒸鍍型載子傳輸層發展簡介-----------------------------------------16
1-6 鈍化處理發展簡介------------------------------------------------18
1-7 論文結構--------------------------------------------------------20
Chapter 2 電洞傳輸層應用於有機金屬鈣鈦礦光伏元件----------------------21
2-1 順序型真空蒸鍍法與正結構電洞傳輸層簡介----------------------------21
2-2 MAPbI3鈣鈦礦太陽能電池元件製程研究-------------------------------23
2-2.1 不同PbI2鍍率對MAPbI3鈣鈦礦形貌影響-----------------------------23
2-2.2 MAPbI3鈣鈦礦太陽能電池元件------------------------------------26
2-3 以HATCN作為電洞介面層之MAPbI3鈣鈦礦元件--------------------------29
2-4 將F6TCNNQ摻雜於電洞傳輸層之MAPbI3鈣鈦礦元件----------------------36
2-5 結論-----------------------------------------------------------39
Chapter 3 鈍化層與載子傳輸層應用於銫基鉛鈣鈦礦光伏元件----------------40
3-1 銫基鉛鈣鈦礦太陽能電池發展簡介-----------------------------------40
3-2 以有機分子鈍化處理CsPbI2Br鈣鈦礦薄膜-----------------------------42
3-3 以有機分子鈍化處理CsPbI2Br鈣鈦礦元件-----------------------------54
3-3.1 鈍化處理鈣鈦礦元件於太陽光下電性表現---------------------------54
3-3.2 鈍化處理鈣鈦礦元件於室內光下電性表現---------------------------63
3-4 將F6TCNNQ摻雜於電洞傳輸層之CsPbI2Br鈣鈦礦元件--------------------70
3-5 以TBDI作為電洞傳輸層之CsPbI2Br鈣鈦礦元件-------------------------75
3-6 結論-----------------------------------------------------------78
Chapter 4 真空蒸鍍單蒸鍍源銫基鉛鈣鈦礦為主動層之光伏元件--------------80
4-1 球磨機械化學合成與真空蒸鍍單蒸鍍源製程簡介------------------------80
4-2 以梯度式退火處理CsPb1-xCaxI3鈣鈦礦做主動層之元件-----------------82
4-3 CsPbI2Br摻雜Cl鈣鈦礦做主動層之元件-------------------------------88
4-4 以高壓退火法製備CsPbI2Br鈣鈦礦薄膜與元件-------------------------92
4-5 結論-----------------------------------------------------------97
Chapter 5 結論與未來展望--------------------------------------------99
參考文獻-----------------------------------------------------------101

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