多孔材料根據孔洞的大小，形貌和分部有不同的應用方式和性質。對多孔材料而言很重要的挑戰是機械性質的損失。在自然界中，許多生物演化出不同的結構來克服這個問題。例如:骨頭和鮑魚殼藉由軟材與硬材的交叉排列獲得高抗壓性及耐衝擊性等等。
藉由單方向冷凍鑄造(freeze casting)，我們可以得到具有異向性的仿生多孔結構。但是單一陶瓷材料在燒結時容易產生問題，因此本研究的其中一個目的是藉由加入二氧化矽作為共燒材料，使冷凍鑄造陶瓷有更好的機械性質和燒結強度，並探討共燒材料對於燒結的影響以及材料的強化機制。在壓應力測試也可以證實共燒材料除了可以提升機械性質之外，本研究所需的燒結溫度也低於工業上應用於氧化鋁粉末的燒結溫度。為了更進一步提升機械性質並改善陶瓷材料硬且脆的特性，三種不同的高分子分別填入多孔陶瓷中進行壓應力測試。雖然在結果中可以發現三種材料對於機械性質都有幫助，但是影響都並不顯著。造成這種情況的原因以及三種高分子的特性也都會在本文中被探討。
綜上所述，共燒材料的加入改善了單材料冷凍鑄造的問題也提升了燒結強度和機械性質。而高分子的填充藉由儀器的分析可以確認是成功的，但對於機械性質的影響並不顯著，可能與材料選擇以及填入量等參數有關。

Porous materials have been widely used in many industries by its controllable properties depending on the size, morphology and arrangement of pores. An important challenge for porous materials is the low mechanical properties causing by high porosity. In nature, many species evolved special organs and tissues with superior mechanical properties by brittle inorganic and soft organic materials such as human bone and abalone shell.
Unidirectional freeze casting process was applied to produce anisotropy porous ceramic scaffolds. To improve the problems in sintering process of monophase freeze casting sample, this study mixed the co-fired materials silicon dioxide with raw material aluminum oxide. The amount of co-fired materials, sintering temperature, source of materials and other parameters were changed, and the sintering behavior were discussed. The results indicate that with co-fired materials, the ceramic scaffolds performed high compressive strength with much lower sintering temperature for aluminum oxide.
To further improved the brittleness of ceramic materials, three polymers: PVA, PS and PDMS were infiltrated in ceramic scaffolds to obtain the ceramic/polymer composite scaffolds with bio-inspired strategies. Though the mechanical properties didn’t have significant increase, the mechanisms of each polymer and the factors were still discussed in the article.
In a short summary, the biphasic ceramic scaffolds can be successfully produced by freeze casting process with superior mechanical properties under conventional sintering temperature. The ceramic/polymer also can be fabricated with polymer infiltration, but the large differences in mechanical properties of composites still need to be overcome in future work.

致謝 I
中文摘要 II
Abstract III
List of Tables VII
List of Figures IX
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
Chapter 2. Literature Review 4
2.1 Porous Materials 4
2.1.1 Introduction 4
2.1.2 Processing Techniques for Porous Materials 4
2.2 Sintering Process 10
2.2.1 Introduction 10
2.2.2 Sintering Theory 10
2.2 3 Reducing Sintering Temperature 13
2.2.4 Co-Fired Materials 18
2.3 Freeze Casting 27
2.3.1 Introduction 27
2.3.2 Process Procedure 27
2.3.3 Principles of Freeze Casting 30
2.3.4 Applications of Freeze Casting Materials 32
2.4 Natural Materials with Composite Structures 38
2.4.1 Introduction 38
2.4.2 Bone 38
2.4.3 Abalone Nacre 40
Chapter 3. Experimental Methods 45
3.1 Synthesis of Scaffolds 45
3.1.1 Preparation of Ceramic Freeze Casting Scaffold 45
3.1.2 Polymer Infiltration 48
3.2 Characterization and Measurement 53
3.2.1 Porosity and Density Measurement 53
3.2.2 Particle Size Distribution 53
3.2.3 Microstructural and Elemental Analysis 54
3.2.4 Mechanical Property Test 54
3.2.5 Thermal Conductivity Test 55
Chapter 4. Result and Discussion 56
4.1 Ceramic scaffolds with Co-fired Materials 56
4.1.1 Particle Size Distribution 56
4.1.2 Improvement in Mechanical Properties with Co-fired Materials 56
4.1.3 Thermal Conductivity 67
4.2 Ceramic/Polymer Composite Scaffolds 94
4.2.1 Three Types of Polymer Infiltration Process 94
4.2.2 Mechanical Properties 95
4.2.3 Contribution of Infiltrated Polymer on Mechanical Properties 99
Chapter 5. Conclusions 109
Chapter 6. Future Work 112
6.1 Freeze casting process 112
6.2 Reduce Sintering Temperature 112
6.3 Polymer Infiltration 113
References 114

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