四環黴素是一種被廣泛使用的抗生素，但由於人類的不當使用與棄置，因此時常可以在地表水、工業廢水以及醫院廢水中發現他們的蹤跡。鹵化物鈣鈦礦具有可以調控能隙大小的特性，若調控得宜可以顯著的提升在可見光下進行光催化反應之效率，但鹵化物鈣鈦礦穩定性較差，使其在應用時有許多限制。故本研究使用四丁基銨陽離子取代傳統1A族金屬陽離子，成功合成出有機-無機鹵化物鈣鈦礦材料(TBA3Bi2X9) 並應用於降解水溶液中之四環黴素。首先考慮各材料吸收可見光之波長範圍、能隙大小以及各材料電子電洞對之再結合效率，可以推測出當材料中之溴元素與碘元素比例為7比2的時候會有最好的降解效果，同時也由實驗結果證實此假設正確。接著經過了一系列改變系統參數之實驗，可以發現在催化劑劑量為0.2 mg/mL、四環黴素水溶液濃度為20 mg/L且pH值為10的條件下以可見光照射60分鐘可以去除88%的四環黴素，同時將此光催化劑回收並重複使用五次後尚能保有79%的去除效率。最後本研究透過計算價帶之最高能階、添加捕捉劑進行降解實驗、電子順磁共振圖譜以及質譜儀之分析結果證實了參與降解反應之活性物種主要為電洞(h+)和超氧化自由基(• O2-)，反應機制如圖所示。這些結果顯示出此鈣鈦礦材料是一個可靠的光催化劑，它具有良好去除水中抗生素及汙染物之能力，同時若將來被運用在其他可見光催化領域也是一相當具有潛力之新興材料。

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have recently emerged as a new promising class of cheap and easy to make photocatalytic application. In addition, (MHPs) have fascinated a great attention due to their excellent opto-electronic properties, tunable bandgap and showing a remarkably fast development in a few decades, particularly, in improved under visible light irradiation adjusting the band gap. However, halide perovskites encounter many limitations in applications because of the poor stability. In this regard, a metal halide based photocatalyst have been prepared and tested in order to examine the photocatalytic degradation removal of tetracycline from synthetic aqueous medium. Herein, we describe organic-inorganic halide perovskites (TBA3Bi2X9) was successfully synthesized through replacing the cations of 1A group with tetrabutylammonium cation then incorporate with TBA3Bi2X9 into photocatalytic application. Furthermore, we obtained that TBA3Bi2Br7I2 will be the superior catalytic material for degradation of tetracycline after considering the wavelength TBA3Bi2X9 absorbed and the band gap which influence recombination efficiency of electron hole pairs. The above investigation demonstrated that tetracycline aqueous solution (20 mg / L) was degraded 88% by adding 0.2 mg / mL of catalyst and controlling the pH value to 10 under visible light irradiation for 60 minutes. The recycle test also shown the removal efficiency could be retained 79% after using 5 times. On the other hand, the photocatalytic degradation mechanism we have been proposed by valence band maximum (VBM) and addition of scavenger of active species can be measured by electron spin resonance (EPR) and tetracycline by products studied by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) respectively. The bandgap energy diagram presented the main species which involve into the degradation reaction are electron hole (h+) and superoxide radical (• O2-). This study clearly demonstrate that perovskite is a reliable photocatalyst with good ability to remove antibiotics and pollutants in water. It also shows that perovskite will be a promising material in visible light driven photocatalytic and environmental remediation application.

第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究動機 3
第二章 文獻回顧 6
2.1 四環黴素介紹 6
2.1.1 四環黴素簡介 6
2.1.2 四環黴素的物理化學性質 7
2.1.3 四環黴素的用途、來源以及汙染狀況 9
2.2 物理去除抗生素 13
2.2.1 吸附法 13
2.2.2 薄膜分離法 15
2.3 化學去除抗生素 17
2.3.1 芬頓法 17
2.3.2 臭氧法 19
2.3.3 光解和光催化 22
2.4 鈣鈦礦 28
2.4.1 鈣鈦礦簡介 28
2.4.2 鈣鈦礦的結構 28
2.4.3 鈣鈦礦的合成 29
2.4.4 鈣鈦礦的應用 34
第三章 實驗流程與方法 42
3.1 實驗材料 42
3.2 研究架構 44
3.3 材料合成 46
3.4 材料特性分析 48
3.4.1傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜儀 48
3.4.2穿透式電子顯微鏡 48
3.4.3掃描式電子顯微鏡 49
3.4.4 能量色散X射線譜 50
3.4.5 X射線繞射儀 51
3.4.6 X射線光電子光譜儀 52
3.4.7 高效能液相層析串聯質譜儀 53
3.4.8 紫外光可見光光譜儀 53
3.4.9 界達電位分析 54
3.5 實驗步驟 55
3.5.1 光催化降解四環黴素 55
3.5.2 定量四環黴素 56
3.5.3 光催化實驗對汙染物之反應速率推求 56
第四章 結果與討論 58
4.1 TBA3Bi2X9鈣鈦礦材料的合成與鑑定 58
4.1.1 掃描式電子顯微鏡 58
4.1.2 能量色散X射線譜 61
4.1.3 穿透式電子顯微鏡 69
4.1.4 X射線繞射儀 71
4.1.5 傅立葉轉換紅外光線光譜儀 72
4.1.6 X-射線光電子光譜儀 74
4.1.7 UV-Vis吸收光譜及能隙 81
4.2 有機-無機鹵化物鈣鈦礦在可見光降解四環黴素之應用 83
4.2.1 不同催化劑劑量對四環黴素的去除影響 83
4.2.2 不同濃度四環黴素對鈣鈦礦材料去除效率的影響 86
4.2.3 不同鈣鈦礦材料對四環黴素水溶液降解之探討 89
4.2.4 鈣鈦礦材料在不同pH值對四環黴素降解之探討 92
4.2.5 光觸媒催化劑之回收再利用 96
4.3 探討有機-無機鹵化物鈣鈦礦材料降解四環黴素機制 97
4.3.1 價帶的最高能階 97
4.3.2 添加捕捉劑探討鈣鈦礦材料降解四環黴素機制 99
4.3.3 電子順磁共振光譜儀分析結果 102
4.3.4 鈣鈦礦材料降解四環黴素之質譜儀分析結果 103
第五章 結論 109
5.1 結論 109
5.2 建議 110
參考文獻 112

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