近幾十年來，由於奈米科技與生物醫學的相互輝映，造就了具有標靶功能奈米藥物載體的崛起。而在五花八門的材料之中，奈米碳材 (例如奈米碳管、氧化石墨烯和富勒烯) 則是廣泛地被探尋作為輸送藥物載體的可能性。值得注意的是，氧化石墨烯又因其獨特性質 (例如超高的比表面積、易化學修飾以及良好的生物相容性) 而備受關注。然而，由於在生物組織中尚且缺乏適當的氧化石墨烯定量分析方法，致使藥物載體的開發過程中對於氧化石墨烯藥物動力學行為始終無法釐清。為了解決上述問題，尋求一個能夠明確解析氧化石墨烯暴露後分布行為的分析方法就變得刻不容緩。為此，本研究擬定了一套以金屬標定技術結合感應耦合電漿質譜儀的分析策略。研究利用氧化石墨烯易與金屬離子結合之特性，將其與生物體組織內的碳元素差異化以提升分析方法之選擇性。針對樣品基質可能誘發的不良影響，研究則藉由溶劑消化、消化液過濾及遮蔽試劑添加等步驟逐一予以降低甚至於消除。根據實驗結果顯示，在操作條件最適化的條件下，本研究所開發分析系統所測得微量金屬離子濃度與添加的氧化石墨烯濃度呈現良好相關性，證明了本研究所開發之方法確實可以透過間接演算的模式應用於離體生物組織樣品中氧化石墨烯之定量分析。此外，本分析方法更同時具有應用濃度範圍寬廣 (1−1000 pg L–1) 且偵測極限極低 (樣品體積為1000 µL時，可達6.74 µg L–1) 的特性。據悉，本方法之偵測極限已遠低於現今文獻之結果。

Over past decades, the emergence of nano drug carriers for target therapy has been witnessed due to the synergy of nanotechnology and biomedicine. A variety of materials, especially carbon-based nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene oxides (GOs), and fullerenes), have been extensively explored as drug delivery carriers. Remarkably, GOs have attracted much attention as promising materials as a result of their superior properties such as ultrahigh specific surface area, ease of post-chemical modification, and excellent biocompatibility. However, the absence of proper analytical methods of GOs quantitation in biological tissues still hinders the drug carrier development from the sound understanding of pharmacokinetic behavior of GOs. To bridge the gap described above, an analytical method that can clearly reveal the distribution phenomenon of GOs after exposure is urgently required. In this study, a sophisticated strategy involving a combination of metal labelling techniques and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is proposed. A selective interaction between GOs and trace metal ions in living organisms was employed in assisting the discrimination between the carbon of GOs and that of biological tissues. Possible adverse effects caused by sample matrix were then masterly reduced by solvent digestion, digest filtration, and masking. Under the optimized conditions, the determined concentration of trace metal ions was highly correlated with the added concentration of GOs, revealing that the developed techniques can be satisfactorily applied to in vitro quantitation of GOs in biological tissues. In addition, the analytical performance of the method was demonstrated in a wide concentration range (1−1000 pg L–1) with a detection limit of 6.74 µg L–1 (sample volume was only 1000 µL). To the best of our knowledge, the detection limit of the method proposed in this study is much lower than that reported in other literature.

摘要 I
Abstract II
目錄 IV
圖目錄 VI
表目錄 VI
第一章 前言 3
1.1 奈米科技的重要性及現代生物醫學對奈米科技的需求 3
1.2 目前奈米藥物載體遭遇的困境 7
1.3 奈米藥物載體—氧化石墨烯的崛起與發展 10
1.4 研究目的與因應策略 18
第二章 儀器分析與原理 18
2.1 感應耦合電漿質譜儀 18
2.1.1 樣品導入系統 (sample introduction system) 20
2.1.2 感應耦合電漿離子源 (inductively coupled plasma ion source) 23
2.1.3 取樣界面 (Sampling Interface) 26
2.1.4 真空系統 (vacuum system) 27
2.1.5 離子透鏡 (ion lens system) 28
2.1.6 四極柱質量分析器 (quadrupole mass analyzer) 30
2.1.7 離子偵測器 (ion detector) 31
第三章 實驗部分 33
3.1 試劑與材料 33
3.2 儀器設備 34
3.3 金屬標定氧化石墨烯操作程序之建立 35
3.4 真實樣品的製備 39
第四章 結果與討論 43
4.1 金屬標定氧化石墨烯機制之探討 43
4.2 金屬標定操作條件最適化探討 47
4.2.1 標定金屬種類對分析訊號之影響 47
4.2.2 錯合反應pH值對訊號之影響 49
4.2.3 錯合反應時間對分析訊號之影響 51
4.2.4 清洗液pH值對分析訊號之影響 52
4.2.5 脫附試劑用量對分析訊號之影響 54
4.3 系統分析效能之評估 55
4.3.1 系統分析方法確效 55
4.3.2 真實樣品分析 65
4.3.3 分析方法之比較 73
第五章 結論 75
第六章 參考文獻 77
第七章 附錄 85

1. 周志謂, 奈米科技與生物醫學：神奇的奈米煉丹術. 科技大觀園 2008.
2. 田桂民, 浪漫与苦闷的变奏——先秦至元代神仙戏曲研究. BEIJING BOOK CO. INC.: 2011.
3. 謝惠雯; 萬立馨, 主題館藏: 化學. 清華大學圖書館館訊 2012, (第 63).
4. 張立德, 奈米材料. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司: 2002.
5. 林鴻明; 林中魁, 奈米科技應用研究與展望. 工業材料 2001, 179, 84-91.
6. Patel, V. R.; Agrawal, Y., Nanosuspension: An approach to enhance solubility of drugs. Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research 2011, 2 (2), 81.
7. 林志生, 奈米科技在生物醫學上的應用. 交大同學會友聲月刊社: 2003.
8. Jass, J., Lymphocytic infiltration and survival in rectal cancer. Journal of clinical pathology 1986, 39 (6), 585-589.
9. Organization, W. H., WHO handbook for reporting results of cancer treatment. World Health Organization: 1979.
10. Cohen, L.; Hack, T. F.; De Moor, C.; Katz, J.; Goss, P. E., The effects of type of surgery and time on psychological adjustment in women after breast cancer treatment. Annals of surgical Oncology 2000, 7 (6), 427-434.
11. Sato, Y.; Morita, M.; Takahashi, H. O.; Watanabe, N.; Kirikae, I., Combined surgery, radiotherapy, and regional chemotherapy in carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses. Cancer 1970, 25 (3), 571-579.
12. Hortobagyi, G. N.; Ames, F.; Buzdar, A. U.; Kau, S.; McNeese, M.; Paulus, D.; Hug, V.; Holmes, F.; Romsdahl, M.; Fraschini, G., Management of stage III primary breast cancer with primary chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy. Cancer 1988, 62 (12), 2507-2516.
13. Aisner, J., Overview of the changing paradigm in cancer treatment: oral chemotherapy. Oxford University Press: 2007.
14. Sui, X.; Chen, R.; Wang, Z.; Huang, Z.; Kong, N.; Zhang, M.; Han, W.; Lou, F.; Yang, J.; Zhang, Q., Autophagy and chemotherapy resistance: a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Cell death & disease 2013, 4 (10), e838-e838.
15. Vanneman, M.; Dranoff, G., Combining immunotherapy and targeted therapies in cancer treatment. Nature reviews cancer 2012, 12 (4), 237-251.
16. Couzin-Frankel, J., Cancer immunotherapy. American Association for the Advancement of Science: 2013.
17. Redd, W. H.; Montgomery, G. H.; DuHamel, K. N., Behavioral intervention for cancer treatment side effects. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2001, 93 (11), 810-823.
18. Meng, F.; Cheng, R.; Deng, C.; Zhong, Z., Intracellular drug release nanosystems. Materials today 2012, 15 (10), 436-442.
19. Liu, Z.; Robinson, J. T.; Sun, X.; Dai, H., PEGylated nanographene oxide for delivery of water-insoluble cancer drugs. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2008, 130 (33), 10876-10877.
20. Jermain, S. V.; Brough, C.; Williams III, R. O., Amorphous solid dispersions and nanocrystal technologies for poorly water-soluble drug delivery–an update. International journal of pharmaceutics 2018, 535 (1-2), 379-392.
21. Yokoyama, M., Drug targeting with nano-sized carrier systems. Journal of Artificial Organs 2005, 8 (2), 77-84.
22. Murakami, T.; Tsuchida, K.; Hashida, M.; Imahori, H., Size control of lipid-based drug carrier by drug loading. Molecular BioSystems 2010, 6 (5), 789-791.
23. Chae, S. H.; Lee, Y. H., Carbon nanotubes and graphene towards soft electronics. Nano Convergence 2014, 1 (1), 15.
24. Guldi, D. M.; Rahman, G. A.; Sgobba, V.; Ehli, C., Multifunctional molecular carbon materials—from fullerenes to carbon nanotubes. Chemical Society Reviews 2006, 35 (5), 471-487.
25. Krueger, A., New carbon materials: biological applications of functionalized nanodiamond materials. Chemistry–A European Journal 2008, 14 (5), 1382-1390.
26. Unwin, P. R.; Güell, A. G.; Zhang, G., Nanoscale electrochemistry of sp2 carbon materials: from graphite and graphene to carbon nanotubes. Accounts of chemical research 2016, 49 (9), 2041-2048.
27. Dresselhaus, M. S.; Avouris, P., Introduction to carbon materials research. In Carbon nanotubes, Springer: 2001; pp 1-9.
28. Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; Jiang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Dubonos, S. V.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Firsov, A. A., Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. science 2004, 306 (5696), 666-669.
29. Geim, A. K.; Novoselov, K. S., The rise of graphene. In Nanoscience and technology: a collection of reviews from nature journals, World Scientific: 2010; pp 11-19.
30. Stankovich, S.; Dikin, D. A.; Dommett, G. H.; Kohlhaas, K. M.; Zimney, E. J.; Stach, E. A.; Piner, R. D.; Nguyen, S. T.; Ruoff, R. S., Graphene-based composite materials. nature 2006, 442 (7100), 282-286.
31. Liu, Y.; Zhou, J.; Zhang, X.; Liu, Z.; Wan, X.; Tian, J.; Wang, T.; Chen, Y., Synthesis, characterization and optical limiting property of covalently oligothiophene-functionalized graphene material. Carbon 2009, 47 (13), 3113-3121.
32. Liang, J.; Huang, Y.; Zhang, L.; Wang, Y.; Ma, Y.; Guo, T.; Chen, Y., Molecular‐level dispersion of graphene into poly (vinyl alcohol) and effective reinforcement of their nanocomposites. Advanced Functional Materials 2009, 19 (14), 2297-2302.
33. Zhou, X.; Huang, X.; Qi, X.; Wu, S.; Xue, C.; Boey, F. Y.; Yan, Q.; Chen, P.; Zhang, H., In situ synthesis of metal nanoparticles on single-layer graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide surfaces. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2009, 113 (25), 10842-10846.
34. Qi, X.; Pu, K. Y.; Zhou, X.; Li, H.; Liu, B.; Boey, F.; Huang, W.; Zhang, H., Conjugated‐polyelectrolyte‐functionalized reduced graphene oxide with excellent solubility and stability in polar solvents. Small 2010, 6 (5), 663-669.
35. Web of Science ,Clarivate Analytics.
36. Guerrero-Contreras, J.; Caballero-Briones, F., Graphene oxide powders with different oxidation degree, prepared by synthesis variations of the Hummers method. Materials Chemistry and Physics 2015, 153, 209-220.
37. Sun, X.; Liu, Z.; Welsher, K.; Robinson, J. T.; Goodwin, A.; Zaric, S.; Dai, H., Nano-graphene oxide for cellular imaging and drug delivery. Nano research 2008, 1 (3), 203-212.
38. Zhang, W.; Guo, Z.; Huang, D.; Liu, Z.; Guo, X.; Zhong, H., Synergistic effect of chemo-photothermal therapy using PEGylated graphene oxide. Biomaterials 2011, 32 (33), 8555-8561.
39. Yang, X.; Zhang, X.; Liu, Z.; Ma, Y.; Huang, Y.; Chen, Y., High-efficiency loading and controlled release of doxorubicin hydrochloride on graphene oxide. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2008, 112 (45), 17554-17558.
40. Zhang, L.; Xia, J.; Zhao, Q.; Liu, L.; Zhang, Z., Functional graphene oxide as a nanocarrier for controlled loading and targeted delivery of mixed anticancer drugs. small 2010, 6 (4), 537-544.
41. Lu, C. H.; Yang, H. H.; Zhu, C. L.; Chen, X.; Chen, G. N., A graphene platform for sensing biomolecules. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2009, 48 (26), 4785-4787.
42. Kang, B.; Li, J.; Chang, S.; Dai, M.; Ren, C.; Dai, Y.; Chen, D., Subcellular tracking of drug release from carbon nanotube vehicles in living cells. Small 2012, 8 (5), 777-782.
43. Langer, R., Drug delivery and targeting. Nature 1998, 392 (6679 Suppl), 5-10.
44. Wang, C.; Li, J.; Amatore, C.; Chen, Y.; Jiang, H.; Wang, X. M., Gold nanoclusters and graphene nanocomposites for drug delivery and imaging of cancer cells. Angewandte Chemie 2011, 123 (49), 11848-11852.
45. Wang, H.; Chen, T.; Wu, S.; Chu, X.; Yu, R., A novel biosensing strategy for screening G-quadruplex ligands based on graphene oxide sheets. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 2012, 34 (1), 88-93.
46. Chen, M.-L.; He, Y.-J.; Chen, X.-W.; Wang, J.-H., Quantum-dot-conjugated graphene as a probe for simultaneous cancer-targeted fluorescent imaging, tracking, and monitoring drug delivery. Bioconjugate chemistry 2013, 24 (3), 387-397.
47. Huang, J.; Zong, C.; Shen, H.; Liu, M.; Chen, B.; Ren, B.; Zhang, Z., Mechanism of cellular uptake of graphene oxide studied by surface‐enhanced raman spectroscopy. Small 2012, 8 (16), 2577-2584.
48. Bussy, C.; Ali-Boucetta, H.; Kostarelos, K., Safety considerations for graphene: lessons learnt from carbon nanotubes. Accounts of chemical research 2013, 46 (3), 692-701.
49. Jastrzębska, A. M.; Kurtycz, P.; Olszyna, A. R., Recent advances in graphene family materials toxicity investigations. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 2012, 14 (12), 1320.
50. Pic, E.; Bezdetnaya, L.; Guillemin, F.; Marchal, F., Quantification techniques and biodistribution of semiconductor quantum dots. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents) 2009, 9 (3), 295-303.
51. Mohan, V. B.; Nieuwoudt, M.; Jayaraman, K.; Bhattacharyya, D., Quantification and analysis of Raman spectra of graphene materials. Graphene Technology 2017, 2 (3-4), 47-62.
52. Welsher, K.; Liu, Z.; Sherlock, S. P.; Robinson, J. T.; Chen, Z.; Daranciang, D.; Dai, H., A route to brightly fluorescent carbon nanotubes for near-infrared imaging in mice. Nature nanotechnology 2009, 4 (11), 773.
53. Zhang, X.; Yin, J.; Peng, C.; Hu, W.; Zhu, Z.; Li, W.; Fan, C.; Huang, Q., Distribution and biocompatibility studies of graphene oxide in mice after intravenous administration. carbon 2011, 49 (3), 986-995.
54. Wahl, R. L.; Sherman, P.; Fisher, S., The effect of specimen processing on radiolabeled monoclonal antibody biodistribution. European journal of nuclear medicine 1984, 9 (8), 382-384.
55. Goldenberg, D. M.; DeLand, F.; Kim, E.; Bennett, S.; Primus, F. J.; van Nagell Jr, J. R.; Estes, N.; DeSimone, P.; Rayburn, P., Use of radio-labeled antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen for the detection and localization of diverse cancers by external photoscanning. New England Journal of Medicine 1978, 298 (25), 1384-1388.
56. Xin, Y.; Wan, B., A label-free quantification method for measuring graphene oxide in biological samples. Analytica chimica acta 2019, 1079, 103-110.
57. Yang, X.; Zhang, X.; Ma, Y.; Huang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Chen, Y., Superparamagnetic graphene oxide–Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles hybrid for controlled targeted drug carriers. Journal of materials chemistry 2009, 19 (18), 2710-2714.
58. Jarvis, K. E.; Gray, A. L.; Houk, R. S., Handbook of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Chapman and Hall: 1991.
59. Montaser, A., Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. John Wiley & Sons: 1998.
60. 趙珮鈞、孫毓璋, 碩士論文. 國立清華大學，台灣 2016.
61. 林政興、孫毓璋, 碩士論文. 國立清華大學，台灣 2010.
62. Dedina, J.; Tsalev, D. L.; Slavin, W., Hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. Wiley Chichester: 1995; Vol. 130.
63. Todolí, J. L.; Mermet, J. M., Elemental analysis of liquid microsamples through inductively coupled plasma spectrochemistry. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2005, 24 (2), 107-116.
64. 陳麗真, ICP-MS基本原理. PerkinElmer.
65. Tanner, S. D., Space charge in ICP-MS: calculation and implications. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 1992, 47 (6), 809-823.
66. Hu, K.; Clemons, P. S.; Houk, R., Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with an enlarged sampling orifice and offset ion lens. I. Ion trajectories and detector performance. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 1993, 4 (1), 16-27.
67. Hu, K.; Clemons, P.; Houk, R., ICP-MS with an enlarged sampling orifice and offset ion lens. I. Ion trajectories and detector performance. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1993, 4, 16-27.
68. Peng, W.; Li, H.; Liu, Y.; Song, S., A review on heavy metal ions adsorption from water by graphene oxide and its composites. Journal of Molecular Liquids 2017, 230, 496-504.
69. Chen, J.; Yao, B.; Li, C.; Shi, G., An improved Hummers method for eco-friendly synthesis of graphene oxide. Carbon 2013, 64, 225-229.
70. Emiru, T. F.; Ayele, D. W., Controlled synthesis, characterization and reduction of graphene oxide: A convenient method for large scale production. Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2017, 4 (1), 74-79.
71. Marcano, D. C.; Kosynkin, D. V.; Berlin, J. M.; Sinitskii, A.; Sun, Z.; Slesarev, A.; Alemany, L. B.; Lu, W.; Tour, J. M., Improved synthesis of graphene oxide. ACS nano 2010, 4 (8), 4806-4814.
72. Bian, Y.; Bian, Z.-Y.; Zhang, J.-X.; Ding, A.-Z.; Liu, S.-L.; Wang, H., Effect of the oxygen-containing functional group of graphene oxide on the aqueous cadmium ions removal. Applied Surface Science 2015, 329, 269-275.
73. Li, Y.; Wang, C.; Guo, Z.; Liu, C.; Wu, W., Sorption of thorium (IV) from aqueous solutions by graphene oxide. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 2014, 299 (3), 1683-1691.
74. Sun, Y.; Wang, Q.; Chen, C.; Tan, X.; Wang, X., Interaction between Eu (III) and graphene oxide nanosheets investigated by batch and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and by modeling techniques. Environmental science & technology 2012, 46 (11), 6020-6027.
75. Gao, Y.; Chen, K.; Ren, X.; Alsaedi, A.; Hayat, T.; Chen, C., Exploring the aggregation mechanism of graphene oxide in the presence of radioactive elements: experimental and theoretical studies. Environmental science & technology 2018, 52 (21), 12208-12215.
76. Sharma, P.; Tomar, R., Synthesis and application of an analogue of mesolite for the removal of uranium (VI), thorium (IV), and europium (III) from aqueous waste. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 2008, 116 (1-3), 641-652.
77. Langmuir, D.; Herman, J. S., The mobility of thorium in natural waters at low temperatures. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1980, 44 (11), 1753-1766.
78. Jankovský, O.; Sedmidubský, D.; Šimek, P.; Klímová, K.; Bouša, D.; Boothroyd, C.; Macková, A.; Sofer, Z., Separation of thorium ions from wolframite and scandium concentrates using graphene oxide. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2015, 17 (38), 25272-25277.
79. Overbeek, J. T. G., The rule of Schulze and Hardy. Pure and Applied Chemistry 1980, 52 (5), 1151-1161.
80. Sano, M.; Okamura, J.; Shinkai, S., Colloidal nature of single-walled carbon nanotubes in electrolyte solution: the Schulze− Hardy rule. Langmuir 2001, 17 (22), 7172-7173.
81. Pan, N.; Guan, D.; He, T.; Wang, R.; Wyman, I.; Jin, Y.; Xia, C., Removal of Th4+ ions from aqueous solutions by graphene oxide. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 2013, 298 (3), 1999-2008.
82. 黃炳中; 林弘基, 檢量線與標準曲線繪製系統之設計. 藥物食品檢驗局調查研究年報 1990, 262-265.
83. Sessler, J. L.; Seidel, D., Synthetic expanded porphyrin chemistry. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2003, 42 (42), 5134-5175.
84. Beer, P. D.; Gale, P. A., Anion recognition and sensing: the state of the art and future perspectives. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2001, 40 (3), 486-516.
85. Lymn, R.; Taylor, E. W., Mechanism of adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis by actomyosin. Biochemistry 1971, 10 (25), 4617-4624.
86. Felsenfeld, A. J.; Levine, B. S.; Rodriguez, M. In Pathophysiology of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium dysregulation in chronic kidney disease, Seminars in dialysis, Wiley Online Library: 2015; pp 564-577.
87. Barat, R.; Montoya, T.; Seco, A.; Ferrer, J., The role of potassium, magnesium and calcium in the enhanced biological phosphorus removal treatment plants. Environmental technology 2005, 26 (9), 983-992.
88. Edelstein, N.; Katz, J. J.; Fuger, J.; Morss, L. R., The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements, ; 6 Volume set. Springer: 2011.
89. Benard, P.; Brandel, V.; Dacheux, N.; Jaulmes, S.; Launay, S.; Lindecker, C.; Genet, M.; Louër, D.; Quarton, M., Th4 (PO4) 4P2O7, a new thorium phosphate: synthesis, characterization, and structure determination. Chemistry of materials 1996, 8 (1), 181-188.
90. Tung, M. S., Calcium phosphates: structure, composition, solubility, and stability. In Calcium phosphates in biological and industrial systems, Springer: 1998; pp 1-19.
91. Chang, S.; Jackson, M., Solubility product of iron phosphate 1. Soil Science Society of America Journal 1957, 21 (3), 265-269.
92. De Rooij, J.; Heughebaert, J.; Nancollas, G., A pH study of calcium phosphate seeded precipitation. Journal of colloid and interface science 1984, 100 (2), 350-358.
93. Ghabbour, E. A.; Davies, G., Understanding humic substances: advanced methods, properties and applications. Woodhead Publishing: 2014.
94. Keshavan, S.; Calligari, P.; Stella, L.; Fusco, L.; Delogu, L. G.; Fadeel, B., Nano-bio interactions: a neutrophil-centric view. Cell death & disease 2019, 10 (8), 1-11.
95. Furze, R. C.; Rankin, S. M., The role of the bone marrow in neutrophil clearance under homeostatic conditions in the mouse. The FASEB Journal 2008, 22 (9), 3111-3119.
96. Sutton, A. D.; May, I.; Sharrad, C. A.; Sarsfield, M. J.; Helliwell, M., The coordination of perrhenate and pertechnetate to thorium (IV) in the presence of phosphine oxide or phosphate ligands. Dalton Transactions 2006, (48), 5734-5742.
97. Trauzettel, B.; Bulaev, D. V.; Loss, D.; Burkard, G., Spin qubits in graphene quantum dots. Nature Physics 2007, 3 (3), 192-196.
98. Chang, Y.; Yang, S.-T.; Liu, J.-H.; Dong, E.; Wang, Y.; Cao, A.; Liu, Y.; Wang, H., In vitro toxicity evaluation of graphene oxide on A549 cells. Toxicology letters 2011, 200 (3), 201-210.
99. Pattnaik, S.; Swain, K.; Lin, Z., Graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites: biomedical applications and biosafety. Journal of Materials Chemistry B 2016, 4 (48), 7813-7831.
100. Angelopoulou, A.; Voulgari, E.; Diamanti, E.; Gournis, D.; Avgoustakis, K., Graphene oxide stabilized by PLA–PEG copolymers for the controlled delivery of paclitaxel. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 2015, 93, 18-26.
101. Yang, K.; Chen, B.; Zhu, X.; Xing, B., Aggregation, adsorption, and morphological transformation of graphene oxide in aqueous solutions containing different metal cations. Environmental science & technology 2016, 50 (20), 11066-11075.
102. Ma, N.; Liu, J.; He, W.; Li, Z.; Luan, Y.; Song, Y.; Garg, S., Folic acid-grafted bovine serum albumin decorated graphene oxide: an efficient drug carrier for targeted cancer therapy. Journal of colloid and interface science 2017, 490, 598-607.