十二年國教的實施，與學生相關的生涯議題漸受重視，生涯選擇成為個人重要課題。家庭成員是影響個體生涯發展的因素之一，除了父母，朝夕相處的手足也深具影響力。本研究目的旨在探討不同背景變項之國中生在手足關係、生涯決策風格與生涯自我概念之差異與相關情形。研究過程採用立意取樣方式，將全台分為北、中、南三區，依母群體各區總學生人數比例進行抽樣，共抽取15所市立、縣立國中七年級、八年級、九年級學生，得有效樣本653人。本研究以問卷調查法進行資料蒐集，研究工具包括「手足關係量表」、「生涯決策風格量表」與「生涯自我概念量表」。所得資料以描述性統計、單因子多變量變異數分析、典型相關分析、多元逐步迴歸分析等統計方法進行分析處理。研究結果如下：
一、 國中生整體手足關係，在性別、年齡間距、出生序與手足數目等背景變項有統計上的顯著差異，但不因年齡變項不同而有顯著差異。
二、 國中生整體生涯決策風格，在年齡等背景變項有統計上的顯著差異，但不因性別、出生序與手足數目等變項不同而有顯著差異。
三、 國中學生整體生涯自我概念，在性別、年齡與出生序等背景變項有統計上的顯著差異，但不因手足數目變項不同而有顯著差異。
四、 國中生手足關係與生涯決策風格有兩組典型相關存在，且達統計上顯著意義。
五、 國中生生涯決策風格與生涯自我概念有三組典型相關存在，且達統計上顯著意義。
六、 國中生手足關係與生涯自我概念有一組典型相關存在，且達統計上顯著意義。
七、 國中生手足關係與生涯決策風格對生涯自我概念具有顯著預測力。國中生生涯決策風格部分中介了手足關係與生涯自我概念的關係。
最後，研究者依據本研究結果加以討論，並提出具體建議以作為國中生家庭教育、生涯輔導及未來研究之參考。

關鍵字：國中生、手足關係、生涯決策風格、生涯自我概念

Following the implementation of 12-year Basic Education, the career issues of students have got more attention, at the same time, career choice has become an important topic for students. Family members are one of the factors influencing students’ career development. In addition to parents, siblings are also influential. The purpose of this study was to explore the differences and relations among the sibling relationship, career decision-making style and career self-concept of junior high school students with different background variables.
The research process adopted the method of purposive sampling, which divided the whole of Taiwan into the north, middle and south regions. According to the proportion of the total number of students in each district of the population, the sample consisted of 653 students from 15 junior high schools in Taiwan, included seventh, eighth and ninth grades. This study gathered data by questionnaire surveys. The research instruments included Sibling Relationship Scale, Career Decision Making-Style Scale and Career Self-Concept Scale. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, one-way MANOVA, canonical correlation analysis, multiple stepwise regression analysis. The research results were as follows:
1. The sibling relationship of junior high school students varied significantly in terms of gender, age interval, birth order and number of siblings, but not the age.
2. The career decision-making style of junior high school students varied significantly in terms of age, but not the gender, birth order and number of siblings.
3. The career self-concept of junior high school students varied significantly in terms of gender, age and birth order, but not the number of siblings.
4. There were two significant canonical correlations between sibling relationship and career decision-making style of junior high school students.
5. There were three significant canonical correlations between career decision-making style and career self-concept of junior high school students.
6. There was one significant canonical correlation between sibling relationship and career self-concept of junior high school students.
7. The predictabilities of sibling relationship and career decision-making style on career self-concep were significant. The career decision-making style of junior high school students partially mediated the relationship between sibling relationship and career self-concept.
Based on the results, suggestions for family education, career guidance and future researches were discussed and proposed.

Key words: Junior high school students, sibling relationship, career decision-making style, career self-concept

致謝辭................................ii
中文摘要..............................iii
英文摘要..............................iv
目次..................................v
表次..................................vii
圖次..................................ix
第一章 緒論.............................1
第一節 研究動機.........................1
第二節 研究目的.........................4
第三節 研究問題與假設....................4
第四節 名詞解釋.........................4
第二章 文獻探討.........................7
第一節 手足關係的意涵與相關研究..........7
第二節 生涯決策風格的意涵與相關研究......17
第三節 生涯自我概念的意涵與相關研究......26
第三章 研究方法.........................35
第一節 研究架構.........................35
第二節 研究對象.........................37
第三節 研究工具.........................39
第四節 研究實施程序......................46
第五節 資料處理與統計分析................49
第四章 研究結果與討論....................51
第一節 國中生手足關係、生涯決策風格與生涯自我概念之
現況分析................................51
第二節 國中生手足關係、生涯決策風格與生涯自我概念之
差異分析................................54
第三節 國中生手足關係、生涯決策風格與生涯自我概念之
相關分析................................76
第四節 國中生手足關係、生涯決策風格對生涯自我概念之
中介效果分析.............................93
第五章 研究結論與建議.....................97
第一節 研究結論..........................97
第二節 研究建議.........................103
參考文獻.................................111
一、中文部分.............................111
二、英文部分.............................116
附錄....................................127
附錄一 手足關係量表使用同意書.............127
附錄二 生涯決策型態量表使用同意書..........128
附錄三 生涯自我概念量表使用同意書..........129
附錄四 國中生手足關係、生涯決策風格與生涯自我概念調查問卷....131

一、中文部分
Roberta M. Gilbert著，田育慈, 江文賢譯（2016）。解決關係焦慮：Bowen家庭系統理論的理想關係藍圖。臺北：張老師文化。
丁慧汶（2014）。運用「TED」生涯故事講座介入國中學生生涯自我概念之教學實驗研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立新竹教育大學，新竹市。
王文秀（1996）。最親密的敵人--談手足之情。諮商與輔導，130， 44-45。
王釗文（2001）。單親家庭成年子女手足關係互動行為及其互動意義之建構（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
王婷儀（2013）。大學生的手足關係與知覺父母偏愛（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
今日新聞（2019年8月8日）。小學生的夢想職業！男孩超熱血，女孩追求現實？取自https://www.nownews.com/news/20190808/3549771/
田秀蘭（2016）。生涯諮商與輔導理論與實務。臺北：學富文化。
江文雄（2010）。我的人生由誰決定？生涯抉擇的切身問題。商業職業教育，119， 10-15。DOI:10.6380/BEQ.201011.0010
吳欣華（2008）。大學生之生涯決策型態、人格特質與生涯成熟關係研究---以高高屏區域為例（未出版之碩士論文）。國立高雄師範大學，高雄市。
吳芝凡（2015）。父母教養方式對生涯自我概念影響之研究─以臺南市十二年國教政策之國中九年級學生為例（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺南大學，臺南市。
吳芝儀（2000）。生涯探索與規劃：我的生涯手冊。嘉義：濤石文化。
吳明隆、涂金堂（2006）。SPSS與統計應用分析（修訂版）。臺北：五南。
吳嘉珍（2013）。臺北市立國民中學學生心理資本與生涯自我概念關係之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺北科技大學，臺北市。
宋博鳳（2002）。成年前期手足關係之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
李敦仁, & 余民寧. (2005). 社經地位, 手足數目, 家庭教育資源與教育成就結構關係模式之驗證: 以 TEPS 資料庫資料為例. 臺灣教育社會學研究, 5（2）, 1-47.
李萍薇（2012）。桃園縣國中生父母教養態度、班級氣氛與生涯自我概念之相關研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
李靜宜、林聖曦（2011）。排行老二之幼兒與其手足的遊戲互動之研究。兒童與教育研究，（7），1-38。DOI:10.6478/JSCE.201110.0001
兒福聯盟（2014年10月27日）。2014年台灣國中生未來志向調查報告。
https://www.children.org.tw/news/advocacy_detail/1290。
周芳（2012）。大學生生涯成熟現狀及其與生涯决策風格的關係。出國就業：就業教育，2， 47。
林正昌（1996）。不同生涯決策型態大學生的決策行為研究—屬性數量變化與訊息呈現方式之效果分析。教育心理學報，28，219-248。DOI:10.6251/BEP.19960901.9
林宏熾、林巾凱（2003）。高中職階段身心障礙青年生涯自我概念之研究。國立彰化師範大學特殊教育學系特殊教育學報，17，63-94。DOI:10.6768/JSE.200309.0063
林幸台（1993）。高一資賦優異學生生涯發展歷程之研究。特殊教育學刊，10，191-214。
林幸台、田秀蘭、張小鳳、張德聰（2010）。生涯輔導。新北市：心理出版社。
林昆輝、蔡馥如、鄧秀珍、許淑蓮（2005）。國小學生十大生命難題之探討。安寧療護雜誌,，10（2），110-124。DOI:10.6537/TJHPC.2005.10(2).2
林佩蓉（2014）。臺北市國小高年級學童親子互動關係、手足關係與同儕關係之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。中國文化大學，臺北市。
林毓晨（2008）。教育大學學生的職業自我概念與生涯決策之調查研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺中教育大學，臺中市。
林瑞基（2004）。國小資優生背景變項、手足關係與學習動機關係之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立高雄師範大學，高雄市。
林茂森（2004）。國小學童自我覺察、生涯覺察及其相關因素之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立屏東師範學院，屏東縣。
林書伶（2016）。臺北市國中生手足關係、同儕互動與領導才能發展之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
林錦坤（2001）。青少年生涯自我概念之研究—以台南市國中學生為例（未出版之碩士論文）。國立成功大學，臺南市。
金樹人（2011）。生涯諮商與輔導（重修版）。臺北：東華書局。
阿德勒著，林曉芳譯（2016）。阿德勒談人性。臺北：遠流出版社。
邱欣雁（2005）。父母期望與國小高年級學童才藝學習, 職業興趣之相關研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺南大學，臺南市。
邱珍琬（2012）。諮商理論與技術。臺北：五南文化。
姜郁阡（2013）。手足情深? 成年初期的手足關係（出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣大學，臺北市。 http://dx.doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2013.00252
侯月瑞（1986）。生計發展課程對高中（職）學生生計成熟與職業自我概念之輔導效果研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣大師範大學，臺北市。
侯鳳珠（2002）。高屏地區國小學童職業自我概念與職業刻板印象之研究 (未出版之碩士論文)。 國立屏東師範學院，屏東縣。
柴蘭芬（2007）。高中生親子三角關係、手足關係與情緒適應之相關研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立政治大學，臺北市。
柳曉瑜（2013）。屏東縣原住民學童家庭社會資本與職業自我概念關係之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立屏東教育大學，屏東縣。
高淑貴（1990）。影響青少年社會行為的家庭因素。婦女與兩性學刊，1，49–86。DOI:10.6255/JWGS.1990.1.49
張春興（2006）。張氏心理學辭典。臺北：東華書局。
張春興、林清山（1992）。教育心理學。臺北：東華書局。
張聖年（2017）。有肢體障礙手足之大學生其手足關係與壓力研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
張嘉倫（2010）。母親對手足衝突的處理策略、手足關係與幼兒同儕互動行為之關係（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺南大學，臺南市。
張菊红（2013）。大學生自我概念、人格特質與職業生涯規劃的相關性。中國健康心理學雜誌，21（12），1899-1902。
張麗芬，杜美櫻（2013）。學前手足遊戲互動行為之研究。臺北市立大學學報教育類，44，23-55。 DOI:10.6336/JUTe/2013.44(2)2
張瀞文（2009年2月5日）。搞定你家的手足戰爭。親子天下，4（2）。取自https://www.parenting.com.tw/article/5045986-%E6%90%9E%E5%AE%9A%E4%BD%A0%E5%AE%B6%E7%9A%84%E6%89%8B%E8%B6%B3%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD/
教育部十二年國民基本教育網站。http://12basic.edu.tw/index.php。
教育部重編國語辭典修訂本網站。http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cbdic/。
曹中瑋（1993）。大專學生嫉妒心理之分析與介入策略效果之研究（未出版之博士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。
曹榮勳（1994）。影響國中生職業自我概念的家庭因素之研究－以嘉義地區為例（未出版之碩士論文）。國立中正大學，嘉義市。
郭為藩（1996）。自我心理學。臺北：師大書苑。
郭蓓蓉（2008）。臺北市高中生生涯自我概念、生涯自我效能與生涯決定困難之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
郭燕玉（2015）。國中生學校生活適應、父母期望與生涯自我概念之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立嘉義大學，嘉義市。
陳李綢（2010）。 中學生個人特質測量與適應性指標研究。 教育心理學報，40（2），323-339。DOI：10.6251/BEP.20080704
陳秀婷（2003）。國中學生生涯自我概念之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立高雄師範大學，高雄市。
陳若男（1993）。兒童手足關係與友誼關係之研究（未出版碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
陳冠中（2000）。背景變項、父母管教方式、手足關係與高中生寂寞之相關研究（未出版碩士論文）。國立政治大學，臺北市。
陳昌蘭（2000）。兒童手足關係之探討。師友，402，28-32。DOI:10.6437/EM.200012.0028
陳羿足（2000）。影響青少年偏差行為之家庭因素研究-以台中地區為例（未出版之碩士論文）。南華大學，嘉義市。
陳惠怡（2005）。台北市高中生依附關係及自我概念影響生涯定向之相關研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺北教育大學，臺北市。
陳麗娟（1993）。影響生涯發展取向和生涯決策的自我變項與家庭因素之探討。台南師範學院初等教育學報，6，33-116。
黃立立（2014）。高中職學生依附關係, 工作價值觀, 生涯自我效能之相關研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立新竹教育大學，新竹市。
黃虹薰（2008）。台北地區高中生父母教養方式, 生涯自我概念與生涯決定之相關研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
黃俐婷（2004）。家庭支持的結構與功能分析。社區發展季刊，105，367-380。
黃朗文（1999）。青少年與手足互動關係之研究。東吳社會學報，8，123-154。
黃朗文（2002）。自我概念之發展歷程—從青少年初期到中後期的轉變。「國科會社會學門成果發表會暨臺灣社會學會 2002 年會」，臺中市東海大學。
黃曼暉（2011）。手足衝突之探討。家庭教育雙月刊，32，49-57。DOI:10.6422/JFEB.201107.0049
許于仁、楊美娟、劉婉婷、張曉洋(2016)。從心因性數位桌遊探討個人決策風格對於價值觀與生涯發展的影響。數位學習科技期刊，8（2），65-84。DOI:10.3966/2071260X2016040802004
許順旺，楊巧鈴 & 蘇紅文 (2010)。高職餐飲管理科學生職業自我概念與學習態度之相關研究-以大台北地區爲例。運動休閒餐旅研究，5（3），77-103。DOI:10.29429/JSLHR.201009_5(3).05
許雅玲（2017）。中間排行成年個體生涯調適之敘事研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立清華大學，新竹市。
彭滋萍（2009）。高中職生家庭環境、生涯自我概念對其生涯自我效能之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立嘉義大學，嘉義市。
彭滋萍、張高賓（2010）。高中職生家庭環境、生涯自我概念與生涯自我效能之研究。家庭教育與諮商學刊，（9），33-60。DOI:10.6472/JFEC.201012.0033
楊惠婷（2005）。國小兒童同儕關係與自我概念、利社會行為之相關研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立屏東師範學院，屏東縣。
葉育婷（2016）。智能障礙者的一般手足其自我成長與生涯發展之探究（未出版之碩士論文）。臺北市立大學，臺北市。
新竹市教育網。https://www.hc.edu.tw/edub/basic/introduction.aspx。
董穎紅（2017）。同胞關係對大學新生適應的影響。心理技術與應用，5（7），394－402。
蔡佳靜（2002）。國小學童出生序與社會興趣、自我概念之相關研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺北師範學院，臺北市。
廖映淳（2013）。大學生完美主義、生涯自我概念與生涯決定困難之相關研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立高雄師範大學，高雄市。
趙小雲、薛桂英（2010）。大學生生涯適應力現狀及其與生涯决策風格的關係。現代教育管理，10，119-122。
遠見雜誌（2018年3月1日）。職業試探及技藝教育，幫孩子找對未來的方向。取自 https://www.gvm.com.tw/article.html?id=41797
鄭玉英（1992）。永遠的競爭與合作--談手足關係。學前教育，15（6），22-23。
鄭佩秀（2013）。青少年的親子關係與父母教養差異對手足關係的影響（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
劉威德、顏文寶（2012）。高職學生生涯自我概念與職業認知相關之研究－以雲林縣為例。雙溪教育論壇，1，231-259。DOI:10.6415/EFSU.201210.0231
黎美玉（2011）。家庭系統分化, 共依附特質與高中生生涯決定之相關研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
潘曉晴（2017）。宜蘭縣國中三年級學生社會資本、學習動機對生涯自我概念之研究：抽離是技藝班與普通班學生之比較（未出版之碩士論文）。佛光大學，高雄市。
賴美秀（2007）。智能障礙者手足共依附特質與依賴型生涯抉擇關係之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立嘉義大學，嘉義市。
賴奕銘（2013）。台北市國中生生涯決策型態、生涯決策自我效能與生涯決定困難之相關研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
簡君倫，連廷嘉（2009）。大學生性格類型、生涯自我效能與生涯決定之相關。諮商輔導學報，21，39-69。DOI:10.6308/JCG.21.02
顏志龍、鄭中平（2017）。給論文寫作者的統計指南：傻瓜也會跑統計。臺北：五南。
藍采風、廖榮利（1990）。父母、親子、手足--手足關係的動力。張老師月刊，5（4），26-33。
蘇建文（1989）。宜兄宜弟--談手足關係。學前教育，12（2），8-9。
蘇貞（2006）。手足競爭與嫉妒心理。諮商與輔導，241，33-37。
蘇鈺婷（2002）。在學青少年生涯發展之相關因素研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立成功大學，臺南市。
覺淑君（2009）。國中參與技藝教育學程與普通班學生生涯自我概念之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立嘉義大學，嘉義市。

二、英文部分
Abramovitch, R., Corter, C., Pepler, D. J., & Stanhope, L.(1986). Sibling and peer interaction: A final follow-up and a comparison. Child Development, 57, 217–229. DOI:10.2307/1130653
Andrews, L. M.(2014). Career Decision Status, Career-Related Thinking, and Emotional Distress: A Structural Equation Model(Unpublished master’s thesis). The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi.
Arroba, T. (1977). Styles of decision making and their use: An empirical study. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 5(2), 149-158. DOI:10.1080/03069887708258110
Bachman, J. G., & O'malley, P. M. (1977). Self-esteem in young men: A longitudinal analysis of the impact of educational and occupational attainment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(6),365-380. DOI:10.1037//0022-3514.35.6.365
Baron, R. M.,& Kenny,D. A. (1986).“The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations.”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. DOI:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173
Baran, M., & Maskan, A. K. (2011). A study of relationships between academic self concepts, some selected variables and physics course achievement. International Journal of Education, 3(1), 1-12. DOI:10.5296/ije.v3i1.586
Barrett, T. C., & Tinsley, H. E. (1977). Measuring vocational self-concept crystallization. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 11(3), 305-313. DOI:10.1016/0001-8791(77)90026-4
Bedford, V. H. (1998). Sibling relationship troubles and well-being in middle and old age. Family Relations, 47(4)369-376. DOI:10.2307/585267
Betz, N. E. (1994). Self‐concept theory in career development and counseling. The Career Development Quarterly, 43(1), 32-42. DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-0045.1994.tb00844.x
Blustein, D. L. (1987). Decision-making styles and vocational maturity: An alternative perspective. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 30(1),61-71.
DOI:10.1016/0001-8791(87)90026-1
Blustein, D. L., & Phillips, S. D. (1990). Relation between ego identity statuses and decision-making styles. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37(2),160-168. DOI:10.1037//0022-0167.37.2.160
Bouchey, H. A., Shoulberg, E. K., Jodl, K. M., & Eccles, J. S. (2010). Longitudinal links between older sibling features and younger siblings' academic adjustment during early adolescence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102(1), 197-211. DOI:10.1037/a0017487
Brody, G. H. (1998). Sibling relationship quality: Its causes and consequences. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 1-24.Connidis, I. A., & Davies, L. (1992). Confidants and companions: Choices in later life. Journal of Gerontology, 47(3), S115-S122. DOI:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.1
Buist, K. L., Dekovi´c, M., & Prinzie, P. (2013). Sibling relationship quality and psychopathology of children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 97–106. DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.007
Buist, K. L. (2010). Sibling relationship quality and adolescent delinquency: A Latent Growth Curve approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 24, 400–410. DOI: 10.1037/a0020351
Buist, K. L., & Vermande, M. (2014). Sibling relationship patterns and their associations with child competence and problem behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(4), 529-537. DOI: 10.1037/a0036990
Campione-Barr, N., Lindell, A. K., Giron, S. E., Killoren, S. E., & Greer, K. B. (2015). Domain differentiated disclosure to mothers and siblings and associations with sibling relationship quality and youth emotional adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 51(9), 1278-1291. DOI: 10.1037/dev0000036
Cenkseven-Önder, F. (2012). The influence of decision-making styles on early adolescents' life satisfaction. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 40(9),1523-1536. DOI: 10.2224/sbp.2012.40.9.1523
Cenkseven-Önden, F., Kirdök, O., & Isik, E. (2010). High School Students' Career Decision-Making Pattern across Parenting Styles and Parental Attachment Levels. (Unpublished master’s thesis )Cukurova University,Adana,Turkey.
Chen, C. T., Chen, C. F., Hu, J. L., & Wang, C. C. (2015). A study on the influence of self-concept, social support and academic achievement on occupational choice intention. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 24(1), 1-11. DOI: 10.1007/s40299-013-0153-2
Cicirelli, V. (2013). Sibling Relationships Across the Life Span. Springer Science & Business Media.
Cicirelli, V. G. (1996). Sibling relationships in middle and old age. Developmental Psychology, 10, 47-73. DOI: 10.1177/0013164412448066
Curşeu, P. L., & Schruijer, S. G. (2012). Decision styles and rationality: An analysis of the predictive validity of the General Decision-Making Style Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 72(6), 1053-1062.
Creamer, E. G., & Laughlin, A. (2005). Self-authorship and women's career decision making. Journal of College Student Development, 46(1), 13-27. DOI:10.1353/csd.2005.0002
Curşeu, P. L., & Schruijer, S. G. (2012). Decision styles and rationality: An analysis of the predictive validity of the General Decision-Making Style Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 72(6), 1053-1062. DOI: 10.1177/0013164412448066
Defoe, I. N., Keijsers, L., Hawk, S. T., Branje, S., Dubas, J. S., Buist, K., ... & Meeus, W. (2013). Siblings versus parents and friends: Longitudinal linkages to adolescent externalizing problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(8), 881-889. DOI:10.1111/jcpp.12049
De Haan, M. (2010). Birth order, family size and educational attainment. Economics of Education Review, 29(4), 576-588. DOI:10.1016/j.econedurev.2009.10.012
Derkman, M. M. S. (2011). Siblinks: The Implications of Siblings for Adolescents’ Adjustment and Parent-Child Relationships (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
Downey, D. B., Condron, D. J., & Yucel, D. (2015). Number of siblings and social skills revisited among American fifth graders. Journal of Family Issues, 36(2), 273-296. DOI:10.1177/0192513X13507569
Drewery, D., Nevison, C., & Pretti, T. J. (2016). The influence of cooperative education and reflection upon previous work experiences on university graduates’ vocational self-concept. Education Training, 58(2), 179-192. DOI:10.1108/ET-06-2015-0042
Dunn, J. (1983). Sibling relationships in early childhood. Child development, 54(4),787-811. DOI:10.2307/1129886
Dunn, J. (2007). Siblings and Socialization. In J. E. Grusec & P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of Socialization: Theory and Research (309-327). NY: Guilford Press.
Dunn, J. (2018). Sibling relationships across the life-span. In Sibling Matters (69-81). Routledge.UK
Eckstein, D., Aycock, K. J., Sperber, M. A., McDonald, J., Van Wiesner III, V., Watts, R. E., & Ginsburg, P. (2010). A Review of 200 Birth-Order Studies: Lifestyle Characteristics. Journal of Individual Psychology, 66(4). DOI:10.1353/jip.2017.0027
Farrar, L. C. (2009). Relationships between Vocational Decision-Making Styles and Career Decision-Making Difficulties of Low Socio-Economic Status High School Students in Residential Education (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation), Marywood University, Scranton, Pennsylvania.
Finzi-Dottan, R., & Cohen, O. (2010). Young adult sibling relations: The effects of perceived parental favoritism and narcissism. The Journal of Psychology, 145(1), 1-22. DOI:10.1080/00223980.2010.528073
Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1985). Children's perceptions of the qualities of sibling relationships. Child Development,56(2) 448-461. DOI:10.2307/1129733
Gadassi, R., Gati, I., & Dayan, A. (2012). The adaptability of career decision-making profiles. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(4), 612-622. DOI:10.1037/a0029155
Galotti, K. M., Ciner, E., Altenbaumer, H. E., Geerts, H. J., Rupp, A., & Woulfe, J. (2006). Decision-making styles in a real-life decision: Choosing a college major. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(4), 629-639. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.003
Gati, I. (1986). Making career decisions: A sequential elimination approach. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33(4), 408. DOI: 10.1037//0022-0167.33.4.408
Gati, I., Gadassi, R., Saka, N., Hadadi, Y., Ansenberg, N., Friedmann, R., & Asulin-Peretz, L. (2010). Emotional and personality-related aspects of career decision-making difficulties: Facets of career indecisiveness. Journal of Career Assessment, 19, 3-20. DOI:10.1177/1069072710382525
Gati, I., Landman, S., Davidovitch, S., Asulin-Peretz, L., & Gadassi, R. (2010). From career decision-making styles to career decision-making profiles: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76(2), 277-291. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2009.11.001
Gecas, V., & Pasley, K. (1983). Birth order and self-concept in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 12(6), 521-535. DOI:10.1007/BF02088668
Hargrove, B. K., Inman, A. G., & Crane, R. L. (2005). Family interaction patterns, career planning attitudes, and vocational identity of high school adolescents. Journal of Career Development, 31(4), 263-278. DOI:10.1007/s10871-005-4740-1
Harren, V. A. (1984). Assessment of Career Decision Making. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
Hellmann, J. N. (2014). Social and Psychological Factors Related to the Career Exploration Process of Young Adults (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
Holland, M. (1981). Relationships between vocational development and self-concept in sixth grade students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 18(2), 228-236. DOI:10.1016/0001-8791(81)90010-5
Hsieh, H. H., & Huang, J. T. (2014). The effects of socioeconomic status and proactive personality on career decision self‐efficacy. The Career Development Quarterly, 62(1), 29-43. DOI:10.1002/j.2161-0045.2014.00068.x
Huang, Y. (2017). Parental Influence on Second Generation Chinese-American Youth’s Career Choice and Development(Unpublished master’s thesis). City University of New York, New York City.
Işik, E. (2012). The relationship of career decision self-efficacy, trait anxiety, and affectivity among undergraduate students. Psychological Report, 111(3), 805-813. DOI:10.2466/01.09.10.PR0.111.6.805-813
Jenkins, J. (1992). Sibling relationships in disharmonious homes: Potential difficulties and protective effects. In F. Boer & J. Dunn (Eds.), Children's Sibling Rlationships: Developmental and Clinical Issues (125-138). Hillsdale, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Jenkins, J., Rasbash, J., Leckie, G., Gass, K., & Dunn, J. (2012). The role of maternal factors in sibling relationship quality: a multilevel study of multiple dyads per family. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(6), 622-629. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02484.x
Jennifer, A. O., & Abraham, S. (1999). Association between self-concept and body weight, gender, and pubertal development among male and female adolescents. Adolescence, 34(133), 133. DOI:10.1177/0272431609338180
Joensen, J. S., & Nielsen, H. S. (2018). Spillovers in education choice. Journal of Public Economics, 157, 158-183. DOI:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2017.10.006
Jiang, Z. (2015). Core self-evaluation and career decision self-efficacy: A mediation model of value orientations. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 450-454. DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.012
Julien, H. E. (1999). Barriers to adolescents' information seeking for career decision making. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(1), 38-48. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(1999)50:1<38::AID-ASI6>3.0.CO;2-G
Kalkan, M. (2008). The Relationship of Psychological Birth Order to Irational Relationship Beliefs. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 36(4), 455-466. DOI:10.2224/sbp.2008.36.4.455
Kalmijn, M., & van de Werfhorst, H. G. (2016). Sibship size and gendered resource dilution in different societal contexts. PloSone, 11(8),1-16. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0160953
Kang, A. E. (2009). Attachment, Family Conflict, and Vocational Self-Concept in the Career Indecision of Asian Americans(Unpublished master’s thesis). Fordham University, New York City.
Kaşkaya, A., Calp, Ş., & Kuru, O. (2017). An evaluation of factors affecting decision making among 4th grade elementary school students with low socio-economic status. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 9(4), 787-808. DOI:10.26822/iejee.2017236122
Keller, K., Troesch, L. M., & Grob, A. (2015). First-born siblings show better second language skills than later born siblings. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 705-714. DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00705
Kern, C. W. K. (1990). The Effects of a Career Planning and Decision-Making Course on Career Indecision and Self-Concept (Doctoral dissertation), Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma.
Kidd, J. M. (1984). The relationship of self and occupational concepts to the occupational preferences of adolescents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 24(1), 48-65. DOI:10.1016/0001-8791(84)90065-4
Kolak, A. M., & Volling, B. L. (2011). Sibling jealousy in early childhood: Longitudinal links to sibling relationship quality. Infant and Child Development, 20(2), 213-226. DOI:10.1002/icd.690
Korman, A. K. (1966). Self-esteem variable in vocational choice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 50(6), 479. DOI:10.1037/h0024039
Kramer, L. (2010). The essential ingredients of successful sibling relationships: An emerging framework for advancing theory and practice. Child Development Perspectives, 4(2), 80-86. DOI:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2010.00122.x
Landine, J. R. (2013). The relationship between vocational self-concept, ego-identity development, and vocational decision-making. The Canadian Journal of Career Development, 12(2), 5-18. DOI:10.1016/0001-8791(75)90041-X
Landine, J. R. (2016). The Relationship Between Vocational Self-Concept Crystallization, Ego-Identity Status, and Occupational Indecision, as Mediated by Rational or Experiential Processing. Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy/Revue canadienne de Counseling et de Psychothérapie, 50(1),1-17. DOI:10.1037//0022-0167.24.4.301
Lawson, D. W., & Mace, R. (2010). Siblings and childhood mental health: evidence for a later-born advantage. Social Science & Medicine, 70(12), 2061-2069.
Lease, S. H., & Dahlbeck, D. T.（2009）Parental influences, career decision-making attributions, and self-efficacy: Differences for men and women? Journal of Career Development, 36(2), 95-113. DOI:10.1177/0894845309340794
LeFebvre, R., & Franke, V. (2013). Culture matters: Individualism vs. collectivism in conflict decision-making. Societies, 3(1), 128-146. DOI: 10.3390/soc3010128
Leykin, Y., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2010). Decision-making styles and depressive symptomatology: Development of the Decision Styles Questionnaire. Judgment and Decision Making, 5(7), 506-515. DOI:10.1007/s10608-010-9308-0
Liao, C. N., & Ji, C. H. (2015). The Origin of Major Choice, Academic Commitment, and Career‐Decision Readiness Among Taiwanese College Students. The Career Development Quarterly, 63(2), 156-170. DOI:10.1002/cdq.12011
Lin, L. Y. (2012). A pilot study: Daily experiences and sibling relationship among siblings of adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders in Taiwan. 身心障礙研究季刊, 10(3), 163-178. DOI:10.30072/JDR.201209.0001
Loo, R. (2000).A psychometric evaluation of the General Decision Making Style Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 895-905. DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00241-X
Lunneborg, P. W. (1978). Sex and career decision-making styles. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 25(4), 299-305. DOI:10.1037//0022-0167.25.4.299
Lu, P. C. (2007). Sibling relationships in adulthood and old age: A case study of Taiwan. Current Sociology, 55(4), 621-637. DOI:10.1177/0011392107077646
Magnano, P., Paolillo, A., & Giacominelli, B. (2015). Dispositional Optimism as a correlate of decision-making styles in adolescence. Sage Open, 5(2), DOI:10.1177/215824401559200
Maier, D., & Herman, A. (1974). The relationship of vocational decidedness and satisfaction with dogmatism and self-esteem. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 5(1), 95-102. DOI:10.1016/0001-8791(74)90010-4
Marcionetti, J., & Rossier, J. (2017). The Mediating Impact of Parental Support on the Relationship Between Personality and Career Indecision in Adolescents. Journal of Career Assessment, 25(4), 601-615. DOI:10.1177/1069072716652890
Marotta, A. K. (2015). The Relationship between Sibling Relationship Quality and Psychological Outcomes in Emerging Adulthood(Unpublished master’s thesis). Columbia University, Upper Manhattan, New York City.
Marsh, H. W. (1986). Verbal and math self-concepts: An internal/external frame of reference model. American Educational Research Journal, 23(1), 129-149. DOI:10.2307/1163048
Marsh, H. W. (1989). Age and sex effects in multiple dimensions of self-concept: Preadolescence to early adulthood. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(3), 417. DOI:10.1037/0022-0663.81.3.417
McGhee, J. L. (1985). The effects of siblings on the life satisfaction of the rural elderly. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 49, 85-95. DOI: 10.2307/352071
McHale, S. M., Updegraff, K. A., & Whiteman, S. D. (2012). Sibling relationships and influences in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(5), 913-930. DOI:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.01011.x
Milevsky, A., Smoot, K., Leh, M., & Ruppe, A. (2005). Familial and contextual variables and the nature of sibling relationships in emerging adulthood. Marriage & Family Review, 37(4), 123-141. DOI:10.1300/J002v37n04_07
Moon, A. E. (2005). Influences On Career Self-Efficacy: Examining Attachment(Unpublished master’s thesis). Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
Morgan, J. K., Shaw, D. S., & Olino, T. M. (2012). Differential susceptibility effects: The interaction of negative emotionality and sibling relationship quality on childhood internalizing problems and social skills. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(6), 885-899. DOI:10.1007/s10802-012-9618-7
Nasir, R., & Lin, L. S. (2012). The relationship between self-concept and career awareness amongst students. Asian Social Science, 9(1), 193-197. DOI:10.5539/ass.v9n1p193
Niles, S. G., Erford, B. T., Hunt, B., & Watts Jr, R. H. (1997). Decision-Making Styles and Career Development in College Students. Journal of College Student Development, 38(5), 479-488. DOI:10.1353/csd.2016.0047
O'Bryant, S. L. (1988). Sibling support and older widows' well-being. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 173-184. DOI:10.2307/352437
Otta, F. E., & Williams, N. O. (2012). Self Concept and Vocational Interest Among Secondary School Students (Adolescents). Asian Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 1(4), 38-48. DOI:10.5958/2249-7315.2018.00091.6
Pajoluk, N. D. (2013). Sibling Relationship Predictors of Academic Achievement in Adolescents (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of California, Berkeley, United States.
Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T. (2005). In KA Feldman. How College Affects Students, 2. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Phillips, D. A., Bowie, B. H., Wan, D. C., & Yukevich, K. W. (2018). Sibling violence and children hospitalized for serious mental and behavioral health problems. Journal of interpersonal violence, 33(16), 2558-2578. DOI:10.1177/0886260516628289
Phillips, S. D., Friedlander, M. L., Pazienza, N. J., & Kost, P. P. (1985). A factor analytic investigation of career decision-making styles. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 26(1), 106-115. DOI:10.1016/0001-8791(85)90029-6
Rasul, M. S., Nor, A. R. M., Amat, S., & Rauf, R. A. A. (2015). Exploring Critical Factors of Self Concept among High Income Community College Graduates. International Education Studies, 8(12), 43-55. DOI: 10.5539/ies.v8n12p43
Rauer, A. J., & Volling, B. L. (2007). Differential parenting and sibling jealousy: Developmental correlates of young adults’ romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 14(4), 495-511. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2007.00168.x
Resnick, H., Fauble, M. L., & Osipow, S. H. (1970). Vocational crystallization and self-esteem in college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 17(5), 465-467. DOI:10.1037/h0029905
Rogers, C. R., McCormick, E. M., van Hoorn, J., Ivory, S. L., & Telzer, E. H. (2018). Neural correlates of sibling closeness and association with externalizing behavior in adolescence. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 13(9),977-988.
DOI:10.1093/scan/nsy063
Richmond, M. K., Stocker, C. M., & Rienks, S. L. (2005). Longitudinal associations between sibling relationship quality, parental differential treatment, and children's adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(4), 550-559. DOI:10.1037/0893-3200.19.4.550
Roach, K. L. (2010). The Role of Perceived Parental Influences on the Career Self-Efficacy of College Students(Unpublished master’s thesis). State University of New York, New York.
Rocca, K. A., Martin, M. M., & Dunlcavy, K. N. (2010). Siblings’ motives for talking to each other. The Journal of Psychology, 144(2), 205-219. DOI:10.1080/00223980903356099
Rubinton, N. (1980). Instruction in career decision making and decision-making styles. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 27(6), 581-588. DOI:10.1037//0022-0167.27.6.581
Sandhu, G. (2014). The infuence of family and cultural values on the career development of Asian Americans(Unpublished master’s thesis). University of North Texas Denton, Texas,.
Sandlin, M. E., Sandlin, J. R., & Keathley, R. S. (2016). Decision-Making Styles: Are They Related to College Student Health?. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 87(2), 63. DOI:10.1080/02701367.1986.10605396
Schultheiss, D. E. P., Kress, H. M., Manzi, A. J., & Glasscock, J. M. J. (2001). Relational influences in career development: A qualitative inquiry. The Counseling Psychologist, 29(2), 216-241. DOI:10.1177/0011000001292003
Schultheiss, D. E. P., Palma, T. V., Predragovich, K. S., & Glasscock, J. M. J. (2002). Relational influences on career paths: Siblings in context. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(3), 302-310. DOI:10.1037//0022-0167.49.3.302
Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1995). Decision-making style: The development and assessment of a new measure. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55(5), 818-831. DOI:10.1177/0013164495055005017
Shanahan, L., McHale, S. M., Crouter, A. C., & Osgood, D. W. (2008). Linkages between parents’ differential treatment, youth depressive symptoms, and sibling relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(2), 480-494. DOI:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00495.x
Shodhganga @ INFLIBNET. Career decision making in adolescence . https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/149833/9/09_chapter1.pdf
Shulman, B. H., & Mosak, H. H. (1977). Birth order and ordinal position: Two Adlerian views. Journal of Individual Psychology, 33(1), 114-121. DOI:10.4324/9780203768518
Siebert, J., & Kunz, R. (2016). Developing and validating the multidimensional proactive decision-making scale. European Journal of Operational Research, 249(3), 864-877. DOI:10.1016/j.ejor.2015.06.066
Singh, P. K., & Shukla, R. P. (2016). Relationship between Career Maturity and Self-Efficacy among Male and Female Senior Secondary Students. MIER Journal of Educational Studies, Trends and Practices, 5(2). DOI:10.12738/estp.2013.4.1753
Singh, R., Kaur, A., & Upreti, R. (2018). Number of Siblings–Does It Have Any Impact on Quality of Sibling Relationship of Mentally Challenged Children? Ethno Medicine, 12(3): 132-139. DOI: 10.31901/24566772.2018/12.03.548
Simmons, R. G., Rosenberg, F., & Rosenberg, M. (1973). Disturbance in the self-image at adolescence. American Sociological Review, 553-568. DOI:10.2307/2094407
Singh, R., & Greenhaus, J. H. (2004). The relation between career decision-making strategies and person–job fit: A study of job changers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64(1), 198-221.DOI:10.1016/S0001-8791(03)00034-4
Solmeyer, A. R., McHale, S. M., & Crouter, A. C. (2014). Longitudinal associations between sibling relationship qualities and risky behavior across adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 50(2), 600-610. DOI:10.1037/a0033207
Spitze, G. D., & Trent, K. (2018). Changes in individual sibling relationships in response to life events. Journal of Family Issues, 39(2), 503-526. DOI:10.1177/0192513X16653431
Sutton-Smith, B., Roberts, J. M., & Rosenberg, B. G. (1964). Sibling associations and role involvement. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development, 10(1), 25-38. DOI:10.2466/pms.1965.21.3.811
Suvajdžić Katarina.(2016).The differences in self-efficacy in career decision-making and decision-making styles among secondary school students with different patterns of family attachment. Psihološka Istraživanja,19(2), 205-221. DOI:10.5937/PsIstra1602205S
Sylva, K., Melhuish, E. C., Sammons, P., Siraj-Blatchford, I., Taggart, B., Toth, K., ... & Welcomme, W. (2012). Effective Pre-school, Primary and Secondary Education 3-14Project (EPPSE 3-14)-Final Report from the Key Stage 3 Phase: Influences on Students' Development from Age 11-14.
Taylor, R. N. (1984). Behavioral Decision Making. Scott Foresman & Co, Illinois.
Ueichi, H., Kuriyama, N., Saito, T., & Kusumi, T. (2012). Effects of the deliberate decision-making style on career decision-making processes and coping with regret after high school. Psychologia, 55(1), 28-44. DOI: 10.2117/psysoc.2012.28
Updegraff, K. A., McHale, S. M., & Crouter, A. C. (2002). Adolescents’ sibling relationship and friendship experiences: Developmental patterns and relationship linkages. Social Development, 11(2), 182-204. DOI:10.1111/1467-9507.00194
Van Volkom, M., & Beaudoin, E. (2017). The effect of birth order and sex on perceptions of the sibling relationship among college students. College Student Journal, 50(3), 347-354. DOI:10.1353/csd.0.0075
Volodina, A., & Nagy, G. (2016). Vocational choices in adolescence: The role of gender, school achievement, self-concepts, and vocational interests. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 95, 58-73. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2016.07.005
Voorpostel, M., & Blieszner, R. (2008). Intergenerational Solidarity and Support Between Adult Siblings. Journal of Marriage & Family, 70(1), 157-167. DOI:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00468.x
Wall-Wieler, E., & Roos, L. L. (2017). Family Matters: High School Graduation and Sibling Influence. International Journal of Population Data Science, 2(1),1-8. DOI:10.23889/ijpds.v2i1.407
Wang, Y. (2013). Sibling Structure and Gender Inequality: Assessing Gender Variation in the Effects of Sibling Structure on Housework Performance, Education, and Occupation(Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
Whiteman, S. D., McHale, S. M., & Soli, A. (2011). Theoretical perspectives on sibling relationships. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 3(2), 124-139. DOI:10.1111/j.1756-2589.2011.00087.x
Wright, S. L., Firsick, D. M., Kacmarski, J. A., & Jenkins‐Guarnieri, M. A. (2017). Effects of Attachment on Coping Efficacy, Career Decision Self‐Efficacy, and Life Satisfaction. Journal of Counseling & Development, 95(4), 445-456. DOI:10.1002/jcad.12159
Wright, S. L., Perrone‐McGovern, K. M., Boo, J. N., & White, A. V. (2014). Influential factors in academic and career self‐efficacy: Attachment, supports, and career barriers. Journal of Counseling & Development, 92(1), 36-46. DOI:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00128.x
Ye, L., Liu, L., Li, H., Hu, T., Wen, Y., & Hou, Z. (2018). Nationality differences in the relationship between career decision-making profiles and career self-efficacy. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 46(3), 471-484. DOI:10.2224/sbp.6823
Zhang, H., & Huang, H. (2018). Decision-making self-efficacy mediates the peer support–career exploration relationship. Social Behavior and Personality: an International Journal, 46(3), 485-498. DOI:10.2224/sbp.6410
Zunker, V. G. (2012). Career Counselling: A Holistic Approach (2nd ed.). Belmont, C.A: Brooks/Cole.