酬賞歷程可分為預期階段（anticipation）和結果階段（outcome）。過去研究發現酬賞歷程會受到性別差異以及酬賞類型的調節，但少有研究同時探討這兩個變項在預期與結果階段對於腦神經機制帶來的影響。本研究利用功能性磁振造影技術（fMRI）和動態因果模型（dynamic causal modeling）探討金錢酬賞與幽默酬賞對於男女腦神經之酬賞迴路在預期與結果階段有效性連結（effective connectivity）的交互作用影響。研究結果顯示，酬賞結果階段或許較預期階段更容易受到性別差異與酬賞類型的影響。同時，相較於基準（baseline），不論男女在金錢及幽默酬賞的結果階段皆有杏仁核（amygdala）至伏隔核（NAc）連結的活化，或許表示此連結是一個不受酬賞類型影響的酬賞共同活化連結，且反映酬賞的主觀情緒成分。性別差異部分則發現男性較女性在金錢酬賞的結果階段活化較強的腹內側前額葉皮質（ventromedial prefrontal cortex）至伏隔核連結；女性則較男性在幽默酬賞的結果階段活化較強的杏仁核至中腦（midbrain）連結。杏仁核至中腦連結的活化強度同時和幽默刺激的好笑程度評定成正相關，表示杏仁核至中腦連結和欣賞幽默的情緒有關，且女性較男性在欣賞幽默刺激時有更強的情緒成分。相較於單純的功能性磁振造影技術，本研究結果利用動態因果模型獲得更直接的神經活動證據，並指出了性別差異和酬賞類型影響腦神經之酬賞迴路的位置與方向。

Reward processing interacts with both the type of reward and the gender of the participants. However, the underlying neural mechanism of the interaction between these two factors during reward processing remains unclear. In this study, dynamic causal modeling (DCM) analysis was conducted among the “common reward circuit” to examine the interaction of effective connectivity between monetary versus humorous rewards and males versus females during both the anticipation and outcome phases of reward processing. We found that the connectivity from amygdala to nucleus accumbens (NAc) increased during the outcome phase of both monetary and humorous rewards relative to baseline, indicating a modality-independent rewarding connection. Greater connectivity from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) to NAc was shown in males during the outcome phase of monetary rewards, while greater connectivity from amygdala to midbrain was shown in females during the outcome phase of humorous rewards. This amygdala to midbrain connection was also positively correlated with the funniness rating of humorous stimuli, indicating that females might elicit a higher affective response during humorous appreciation than males. These results give a better understanding of where and how the underlying neural mechanism interacts with different gender and reward types during both phases.

摘要 iii
Abstract iv
致謝 v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables viii
List of Illustrations ix
Introduction 1
Methods and materials 9
Participants 9
Tasks and stimuli 9
Experimental design and procedure 10
fMRI acquisition 13
Generalized linear model analysis 13
Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) 15
DCM nodes selection 16
DCM and parametric empirical Bayes (PEB) analysis 18
Leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validation 19
Results 21
Behavioral data 21
GLM results under monetary or humorous reward. 24
DCM effective connectivity analysis 26
Discussion 33
References 41

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