當今兒童憂鬱問題引發社會廣泛地關注，有許多關注兒童憂鬱的研究指出:國小兒童容易因學業表現的困難而有憂鬱傾向，亦即，不佳的學業表現會顯著地導致憂鬱。本研究探討父母積極參與兒童的運動活動是否能有效緩衝學業表現與憂鬱的負向關係？因而提出一個憂鬱緩衝模型（depression-buffering model），假設父母積極參與兒童的運動活動可以減弱兒童學業表現與憂鬱之間的關聯程度，並解釋其間機制。本研究以274名國小四年級至六年級的兒童為對象，並蒐集其自陳式自尊、憂鬱，和「父母運動參與」的資料，並由班導師提供當學期平均成績作為學業表現的參考依據。本研究使用調節分析與條件性間接效果等統計方法，來檢驗本研究所提出的憂鬱緩衝模型。研究結果顯示：「父母運動參與」較少的兒童，學業表現與憂鬱的負向關係會越強；反之，「父母運動參與」較多的兒童，其學業表現與憂鬱的負向關係會被削弱。接著，在進一步的機制檢驗中發現「父母運動參與」會調節「學業表現透過自尊對憂鬱產生影響」的間接路徑，對「父母運動參與」越低的兒童而言，學業表現會透過降低其自尊而增加憂鬱傾向；反之，對於「父母運動參與」較多的兒童來說，學業表現透過此間接路徑產生憂鬱的負向效果並不存在。綜言之，本研究發現當父母越積極參與兒童運動時，越能有效緩衝低學業表現對自尊的衝擊，進而減少憂鬱的產生。

Studies suggest that depression in elementary-age students is an important issue today. Children may easily develop depression because of difficulties in school, especially in relation to academic performance. This means that lower levels of academic achievement could be significantly related to children’s depression. We explored whether parental involvement in sports activities would buffer children against the potentially deleterious effect of poor academic performance on depression. We proposed a depression-buffering model built on the premise that positive parental involvement in sports activities can encourage children to participate in sporting activities, and loosen the connection between academic performance and depression. A battery of standard psychological assessments including the self-esteem scale, the depression scale and the parental involvement in sports activities scale were administered to 274 elementary-age students from grades 4 to 6. Their academic performance was then reported by their teachers according to their transcripts. Using the PROCESS program, we conducted a conditional process analysis to examine the hypotheses developed from the depression-buffering model. In support of our hypotheses, the results showed that the negative relationship between academic performance and depression was stronger among children whose parents were less involved, while weaker among those whose parents more involved in their sports activities. We further examined the indirect effect of academic performance and parental influence in sports on depression through self-esteem. The results showed that parental involvement in sports activities moderated the effect of academic performance on self-esteem as well as on depression. Among those whose parents were less involved in their sports activities, the indirect effect is negative, meaning that poor academic performance would lead to lower self-esteem and in turn result in greater depression. Conversely, the negative relationship between academic performance and depression decreased for students whose parents had greater parental involvement in their sports activities. We interpret this to mean that parental involvement in sports activities serves to buffer the negative impact of poor academic performance on increasing children’s depression, mainly through buffering the negative effect of poor academic performance on children’s self-esteem. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
致謝 iii
目錄 iv
表目錄 v
圖目錄 vi
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的與問題 4
第二章 文獻探討 5
第一節 學業表現與憂鬱 5
第二節 學業表現、自尊及憂鬱 8
第三節 父母運動參與在學業表現與憂鬱的調節效果 12
第三章 研究方法 19
第一節 研究架構 19
第二節 研究對象 20
第三節 研究程序 21
第四節 研究工具 22
第四章 研究結果 25
第一節 描述性統計及各變項之相關 25
第二節 主要研究結果 26
第五章 討論與建議 36
第一節 研究結果的意涵 36
第二節 理論與實務意涵 38
第三節 研究限制與未來研究建議 40
參考文獻 42

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