本研究透過觀察各類家庭群體支出模式之間的差異，調查單親父母的性別是否以及如何影響家庭的經濟福利。其中家庭群體是根據父母是否為海外移工進行分類。研究資料包含2012年和2015年的菲律賓橫斷面資料—合併家庭收入和支出調查（FIES）、勞動力調查（LFS）。使用工具變量方法利用外生的家戶孩童性別比率來解決移居內生性的問題。本研究也試圖釐清不同管道間對移民的影響。藉由關注議價能力動態結果因夫妻之間的所得管道、移民引起的管道而產生的改變。根據工具變量方法可得到估計結果，OLS估計傾向於向下偏誤。結果發現食物、健康、酒精和煙草的支出會受到移民引起議價能力的影響，而教育支出更是與收入的議價能力有高度相關。母親是移民的家庭在於食物的預算會較少，並且增加在健康、酒精和煙草的支出。而在教育支出預算方面，會隨著妻子收入的增加而減少。

This study investigates whether and to what extent the gender of a migrant parent usually absent from home affects the economic welfare of the households by examining the differences between the expenditure patterns of different household groups classified based on which parent is an overseas worker. The study covers a cross-sectional dataset from the Philippines using the merged Family Income and Expenditure (FIES) and Labor Force (LFS) Surveys. An instrumental variable approach was used to address the endogeneity of migration by exploiting the exogenous variation in the sex ratio of children in the household. The study also aims to disentangle the different channels underlying the effect of migration by focusing on the consequential change in the dynamics of bargaining power between spouses through the income channel and migration-induced shifts. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimates tend to suffer from downward bias as evidenced by the higher IV estimates. It was found that food, health, alcohol and tobacco expenditures are influenced by the migration-induced bargaining power while educational expenditures are more dependent on the income-based bargaining power. Having a migrant mother reduces budget share allocated to food, increases spending on health, alcohol and tobacco. Budget share of educational expenditure decreases with an increase in the wife’s income share.

1 Introduction pg 1
2 Review of Related Literature pg 9
3 Data and Descriptive Statistics pg 14
4 Theoretical Framework and Empirical Model pg 21
5 Results pg 26
6 Conclusion pg 42
Reference 44

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