微服務模式是許多公司用於構建和部署應用程序編程接口（API）的最具體系結構的通用設計之一，考慮到它們可以提供的所有優勢，高可伸縮性，靈活性，易於部署和管理。 這種模式自然地在粒度環境中作為分佈式系統工作，因此實際上，當涉及工作流中的許多服務時，它具有需要解決的挑戰，如何控制響應延遲以及相互通信中的性能問題。

在本研究中，提出了使用不同方法構建微服務的性能分析研究，並對可能影響響應時間的架構考慮進行了全面審查。 分析顯示了在不同策略中使用CPU，RAM，網絡流量和延遲的性能詳細信息。

該實驗考慮了編碼體系結構模式，可伸縮性工具以及用於服務相互通信的同步和異步消息傳遞，以獲得有關使用微服務構建應用程序所需的所有挑戰的大廳信息。 旨在提供實施此體系結構模式的主要組件的指南。

Microservices pattern is one of the most architectural common designs used for many companies to build and deploy Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), considering all the advantages that they can provide, how high scalability, flexibility, easy to deployment and management. This pattern naturally works in a granulated environment as distributed systems, so indeed, it has challenges that need to be addressed, how controlling responses delay, and performance issues in inter-communication when involving many services in the workflow.

In this research, is presented a study of performance analysis using different approaches to build microservices, with a complete review of architectural consideration that could affect the response time. The analysis shows the performance details about the use of CPU, RAM, Networking Traffic, and latency in the different strategies.

The experimentation considerate coding architectural patterns, scalability tools and synchronous and asynchronous messaging for services intercommunication, to have an over hall information about all the challenges to entails to built an application using microservices. Aiming to provide a guideline with the principal components in the implementation of this architectural pattern.

Table of Contents i
List of Figures iv
List of Tables vi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Problem Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Background 4
2.1 Monolithic Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Microservices Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.1 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.1.1 Autonomous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.1.2 Scalable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.1.3 Composable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.2 Inter-Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.2.1 Single Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.2.2 Multiple Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.2.3 Synchronous Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.2.4 Asynchronous Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.3 Orchestration vs Choreography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.3.1 Observer Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.3.2 Publisher-subscriber Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3 Technical Aspects 17
3.1 Web API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.1.1 API Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.1.1.1 REST Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.1.1.2 HTTP Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1.2 Data Serialisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.1.2.1 JSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.1.2.2 XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4 Related works 22

5 Proposed Method 24
5.1 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

6 Implementation 26
6.1 Designing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6.2 Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.2.1 Architectural Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.2.2 Programming Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.2.2.1 Node JS and Express JS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.2.3 Repositories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.2.4 Event Driven Communication for Asynchronous Messaging . . 34
6.3 Deploying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.3.1 Container Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.3.1.1 Docker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.3.1.2 Clustering using Docker Swarm . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

7 Experimentation and Results 39
7.1 Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
7.1.1 JMeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
7.1.2 DataDog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7.2 Test 1: Monolithic Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.2.1 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.2.1.1 Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7.2.1.2 CPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7.2.1.3 Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7.2.1.4 IO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7.3 Test 2: Microservice Architecture Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7.3.1 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7.3.1.1 Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
7.3.1.2 CPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
7.3.1.3 Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
7.3.1.4 IO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
7.4 Test 3: Scaling Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
7.4.1 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
7.4.1.1 Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
7.4.1.2 CPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
7.4.1.3 Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
7.4.1.4 IO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
7.5 Test 4: Asynchronous Communication using Event-Driven Pattern . . 50
7.5.1 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
7.5.1.1 Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
7.5.1.2 CPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
7.5.1.3 Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
7.5.1.4 IO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
8 Conclusion 54
8.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
8.2 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
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