對於物聯網通訊系統來說，有效地使用有限的頻譜和功率來傳輸更多數據是非常關鍵的。與需要大頻寬和低延遲的行動通訊不同，許多物聯網應用是使用小尺寸封包以及對延遲是有容忍的，例如監測空氣品質，儀表數據傳輸等，因此，此篇論文的動機是設計出一個適用於短封包場景和多重連接技術，同時具有頻譜效率和節能或高能量效率的系統。

在此篇論文中，我們提出了子載波索引調變技術。子載波索引調變技術使用子載波索引來增加短封包場景的頻譜效率和能量效率。具體而言，子載波索引調變技術使用子載波的索引來製作索引，其除了調變信號位元之外還攜帶索引位元；此外，封包越短或是分配給使用者的子載波數量越少，子載波索引調變技術的頻譜使用效率越高；再者，此篇論文也分析了在不同參數條件下的位元誤碼率、頻譜效率以及能量效率。分析和模擬結果顯示，隨著數據傳輸量的增加，頻譜效率將隨之增加。此外，在相同調變參數下，子載波索引調變技術具有比多載波系統更好的能量效率增益。

For Internet-of-Things (IoT) communication systems, effective use of the limited spectrum and power to transmit more data is very crucial.
Unlike mobile communication, which requires large bandwidth and low latency, many IoT applications such as monitoring air quality, meter data transmission, and so on are using small size packet and large tolerance for delay. Therefore, the motivation is design a system, which is suitable for short packets scenarios and multiple access (MA), while having spectral efficiency (SE) and power saving or high energy efficiency (EE).

In this thesis, “Subcarrier Index Modulation” (SIM) scheme is proposed. SIM uses subcarrier-index to increase spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) on short packet scenarios. To be specific, SIM scheme uses subcarrier-index to make index indices, which carry index bits in addition to the modulation signal bits. Also, the packet is shorter or the number of subcarriers allocated to user is smaller, the spectral efficiency (SE) of the SIM scheme is better. Moreover, BER performance, spectral efficiency (SE), and energy efficiency (EE) of different parameters are analyzed. Analytical and simulation results show that spectral efficiency (SE) will increase as the amount of data transmitted increases. Furthermore, SIM scheme has better energy efficiency (EE) gain than multi-carrier system under the same modulation order.

摘要i
Abstract ii
Contents iii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Research Motivation and Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Related Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Proposed Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Contribution and Achievement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6 Thesis Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 BACKGROUNDS 6
2.1 Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Spatial Modulation (SM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Index Modulation (OFDM-IM) 9
2.4 Index Modulation (IM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3 SYSTEM MODEL 14
3.1 SIM System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.1.1 Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.1.2 Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2 SYSTEM ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2.1 Block utilization analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2.2 Error performance analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2.3 Spectral efficiency analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.2.4 Minimum of number of total block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2.5 Energy efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4 SIMULATION RESULTS 26
4.1 Block utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.2 BER Performance of SIM System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.3 Spectral efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.4 Minimum number of total block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.5 Energy efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.6 Comparison between SIM and OFDM-IM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.6.1 Comparison of BER between SIM and OFDM-IM and OFDM . . . . 35
4.6.2 Comparison of spectral efficiency between SIM and OFDM-IM . . . . 37
4.6.3 Comparison of energy efficiency between SIM and OFDM-IM . . . . 38
5 CONCLUSIONS 41
Bibliography 43

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