自2016年以來比特幣的價格大幅上漲，加密貨幣及其
底層技術區塊鏈已成為頭條新聞。區塊鏈一直蓬勃發展過去十年。它在確保不變性方面具有特別的優勢保證交易的透明度。它的分散性和自動化計算功能帶來了教育部門增值的潛力。在裡面在研究之後，我們提出了一個發布以太坊學術證書的平台區塊鏈。我們還討論了區塊鏈在全球教育中的應用以及如何實施以支持台灣的教育體系。世界各地的各種知名教育機構已經開始通過基於區塊鏈的平台發放學歷證書。我們也評估現有的各種教育機構頒發學歷證書的製度在台灣，並建議基於區塊鏈的應用程序如何有助於加強那個系統。

With a significant rise in the price of Bitcoin since 2016, cryptocurrency and its underlying technology blockchain has created headlines. Blockchain has been flourishing for the past decade. It has particular advantages in securing immutability and guaranteeing transparency in transactions. Its decentralized nature and automatic
computing feature bring the potential of adding value in the education sector. In the following study, we propose a platform to issue academic credentials on ethereum blockchain. We also discuss the applications of blockchain in education worldwide and the ways in which it can be implemented to support Taiwan’s education system. Various renowned education institutions around the world have already started to issue academic credentials through blockchain based platforms. We also evaluate the existing system for issuing academic credentials in various education institutes in Taiwan and suggest how blockchain based application can assist in strengthening that system.

Table of Contents i
List of Figures iii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Background 3
2.1 Distributed Ledger Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Blockchain Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2.1 Technical Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.2 Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.3 Strengths of Blockchain Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.4 Prospect of Blockchain Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Blockchain in Education Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3.1 Education Market Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3.2 Malta: The Blockchain in Education Country . . . . . . . . . 14
3 Related works 15
4 Research Design 16
4.1 Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.1.1 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.3 Results Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.4 Ethereum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.4.1 Ropsten Testnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.4.2 MyEtherWallet (MEW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5 Proposed Method 22
5.1 System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.2 System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.2.1 Issuing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.2.2 Merkle Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.2.3 Verification Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6 Experiments 28
6.1 Cost Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.1.1 Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.2 System Usability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.2.1 User Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7 Conclusion 31
7.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
7.2 Future work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Bibliography
33

[1]
10 charts that explain the global education technology market (Jan 2019).
https://www.holoniq.com/edtech/10-charts-that-explain-the-global
-education-technology-market/
.
[2]
Cryptocurrencies: A brief thematic review, august 2017. https://ssrn.com/
abstract=3024330.
[3]
E. t. f. t. arxiv,
“
if you
’
ve used bitcoin to buy anonymously, the transaction
may not have been private at all”.
https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608716/bitcoin-transactions-a
rent-as-anonymous-as-everyone-hoped/
.
[4]
Finance 3.0 wiki | ethereum testnet vs. mainnet, august 2018. https://
medium.com/hummingbot/finance-3-0-wiki-testnet-vs-mainnet-8ab5b78d93.
[5]
H. natarajan, s. k. krause, and h. l. gradstein,
“
distributed ledger
technology(dlt) and blockchain,
”
the world bank, tech. rep. 122140, dec. 2017.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/177911513714062215/Dist
ributed-Ledger-Technology-DLT-and-blockchain
.
[6]
H. of representatives,
“
the 2018 joint economic report,
”
joint
economiccommittee congress of the united states, tech. rep. 115-596, (Mar
2018).
https://www.congress.gov/115/crpt/hrpt596/CRPT-115hrpt596.pdf
.
[7]
Malta is first country to put education certificates on blockchain, (Jun 2018).
https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/93148/malta_is_first
_country_to_put_education_certificates_on_blockchain
.
[8]
Malta set to become first country to put all educational certificates on
blockchain.
https:
//www.cryptoglobe.com/latest/2019/02/malta-set-to-become-first-
country-to-put-all-educational-certificates-on-blockchain/
.
[9]
Merkle proof signature suite 2017. https://w3c-dvcg.github.io/
lds-merkleproof2017/.
[10]
Music on the blockchain.
https://www.mdx.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_fi
le/0026/230696/Music-On-The-Blockchain.pdf
.
[11]
Q. h. dang,
“
secure hash standard,
”
national institute of standards and
technology, tech.rep. nist fips 180-4, jul. 2015.
https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/FIPS/NIST.FIPS.180-4.pdf
.
[12]
S. nakamoto,
“
bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system,
”
tech. rep.,
2008.
https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
.
[13]
“
simplification of blockchain technology in an effort to prepare and educate
the massesfor the next revolution - the blockchain revolution,
”
feb. 2018.
https://www.mangoresearch.co/blockchain-vs-distributed-ledger-te
chnology-dlt/)
.
[14]
“
understanding the dao attack
”
, (Jun 2018).
https:
//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567422318300292
.
[15]
Edward Felten Andrew Miller Arvind Narayanan, Joseph Bonneau and Steven
Goldfeder.
Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies
. Princeton University
Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 2016.
[16]
Christian; Lindman Juho; Rossi Matti Beck, Roman; Becker. Opportunities
and risks of blockchain technologies, 2017.
[17]
Christian; Lindman Juho; Rossi Matti Beck, Roman; Becker. Opportunities
and risks of blockchain technologies, 2017.
[18]
Iddo Bentov, Ariel Gabizon, and Alex Mizrahi. Cryptocurrencies without
Proof of Work.
arXiv e-prints
, page arXiv:1406.5694, Jun 2014.
[19]
Miguel Castro and Barbara Liskov. Practical byzantine fault tolerance and
proactive recovery.
ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.
, 20(4):398–461, November
2002.
[20]
Guang Chen, Bing Xu, Manli Lu, and Nian-Shing Chen. Exploring blockchain
technology and its potential applications for education.
Smart Learning
Environments
, 5(1):1, Jan 2018.
[21]
Anthony F. Grech, Alexander; Camilleri. Blockchain in education, 2017.
[22]
Vishal Midha and Prashant Palvia. Factors affecting the success of open
source software.
J. Syst. Softw.
, 85(4):895–905, April 2012.
[23]
Mike Sharples and John Domingue. The blockchain and kudos: A distributed
system for educational record, reputation and reward. In Katrien Verbert,
Mike Sharples, and Tomaž Klobučar, editors,
Adaptive and Adaptable
Learning
, pages 490–496, Cham, 2016. Springer International Publishing.
[24]
Editor Skiba, Diane J. The potential of blockchain in education and health
care.
Nursing Education Perspectives
, 38(4):220–221, Jul 2017. Copyright -
Copyright Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. Jul/Aug 2017; Last updated -
2019-04-04.
[25]
F. Tschorsch and B. Scheuermann. Bitcoin and beyond: A technical survey on
decentralized digital currencies.
IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials
,
18(3):2084–2123, thirdquarter 2016.
[26]
Muhamed Turkanovic, Marko Hölbl, Kristjan Kosic, Marjan Hericko, and
Aida Kamisalic. Eductx: A blockchain-based higher education credit
platform.
CoRR
, abs/1710.09918, 2017.
[27]
M. Turkanović, M. Hölbl, K. Košič, M. Heričko, and A. Kamišalić. Eductx: A
blockchain-based higher education credit platform.
IEEE Access
, 6:5112–5127,
2018.
[28]
Marko Vukolić. The quest for scalable blockchain fabric: Proof-of-work vs. bft
replication. In Jan Camenisch and Doğan Kesdoğan, editors,
Open Problems
in Network Security
, pages 112–125, Cham, 2016. Springer International
Publishing.
[29]
Jesse Yli-Huumo, Deokyoon Ko, Sujin Choi, Sooyong Park, and Kari
Smolander. Where is current research on blockchain technology?
—
a
systematic review.
PLOS ONE
, 11(10):1–27, 10 2016.