本論文旨在開發一電動車同步磁阻馬達驅動系統，並從事其與電網及微電網間之雙向操控。首先，建立一標準同步磁阻馬達驅動系統，其考慮槽齒效應之電流控制機構及速度控制機構均妥以設計。同時以所提適應換相機構，自動調整換相時刻，獲得馬達總損失最小化。為增進廣速度範圍之驅動性能，以一單臂雙向升降壓直流/直流轉換器作為蓄電池及馬達變頻器間之介面，建立與速度關聯之直流鏈電壓。馬達再生煞車回收之電能，亦可成功回存至蓄電池。
接者，建立一具廣速度及負載範圍之無位置感測電動車同步磁阻馬達驅動系統。為解決既有方法所面臨之關鍵問題，先探究在直軸及交軸注入下，注入電流與槽齒諧波電流準位之影響。再據以提出交軸高頻注入機構，考慮與速度及/或負載關聯之槽齒漣波電流，採變頻注入機制。感測之直軸電流，經處理獲得穩定且準確之估測轉子位置。此外，亦加入強健速度及位置估測控制，增強無位置感測馬達之控制性能。
最後，本論文從事所建馬達驅動系統之車輛至電網及車輛至微電網之雙向操控。於閒置狀態，僅需外加低通濾波器，應用既有之介面轉換器及馬達變頻器，即可達成所安排之操作。車載蓄電池可由電網充電，而具良好入電品質。反之於車輛至電網模式，蓄電池可回送功率至電網。三相及單相聯網操控皆可，甚至在單相下，馬達之線圈電感可取代外加電感。相同電路組成，亦可從事微電網至車輛及車輛至微電網操作，於此以一風力開關式磁阻發電機為主之微電網為之。藉所安排之控制，可成功執行電動車於微電網之移動式儲能應用，有效利用再生能源。

This dissertation presents the development of an electric vehicle (EV) synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) drive and its bidirectional operations to grid and microgrid. First, a standard synchronous reluctance motor drive is established with proper current control considering inherent slotting effects and speed control. An adaptive commutation scheme (ACS) is developed to automatically set the commutation instant for achieving the motor total loss minimization. To enhance the driving performance over wide speed range, a bi-directional one-leg boost-buck DC/DC converter is used as an interface between battery and motor-drive inverter to establish the speed dependent varied DC-link voltage. The regenerative braking energy can also be successfully recovered to the battery.
Second, a position sensorless EV SynRM drive having wide speed and load ranges is developed. To solve the key problems encountered by existing approaches, the comparative effects of biased injected current and slotting harmonic current levels for d- and q-axis injections are explored. Then the high-frequency injection (HFI) scheme based on q-axis injection is proposed. The changed-frequency injection is adopted considering the effects of speed/load dependent slotting ripple current. The detected d-axis current is processed to yield stable and accurate estimated rotor position. The robust observed speed and position controllers are added to enhance the sensorless control performance.
Finally, this dissertation presents the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and vehicle-to-microgrid (V2M) bidirectional operations of the developed EV SynRM drive. In idle condition, the embedded interface converter and inverter of motor drive are arranged to perform the G2V/V2G operations. Only the low-pass filters are needed to add externally. Through proper controls, the on-board battery can be charged from mains in G2V mode with good line drawn power quality. Conversely in V2G operation, the battery can send power back to the utility grid. Three-phase and single-phase grid connected operations are all applicable. For the single-phase case, the armature windings are further utilized to replace the externally added inductor. Moreover, through the same schematics, the M2V/V2M operations can also be conducted. A wind switched-reluctance generator (SRG) based microgrid is employed here. The EV movable energy storage application to microgrid is successfully operated via the arranged controls to effectively utilize the renewable sources.

ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
LIST OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvi
LIST OF SYMBOLS xix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2 BASICS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE MOTOR DRIVES 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Electric Vehicle Classifications and Power Control Units 7
2.3 Movable Stored Energy Operation of Electric Vehicle 9
2.4 Interface Converters 9
A. DC/DC Converters 9
B. Switch-mode Rectifier 10
C. Inverters 13
2.5 Synchronous Machines 14
A. Stator 14
B. Rotor 14
2.6 Synchronous Reluctance Motor 16
A. Voltage Equations 16
B. Phasor Equations 18
C. Torque Equations 19
2.7 Generator Operation of a SynRM 19
2.8 Key Issues of SynRM Drive 20
2.9 Some Existing EV Chargers 21
2.10 Digital Control Practical Considerations 23
CHAPTER 3 STANDARD ELECTRIC VEHICLE SYNCHRONOUS RELUCTANCE MOTOR DRIVE 26
3.1 Introduction 26
3.2 System Configuration and Problem Statements 26
3.3 Bidirectional Battery Interface Converter 27
A. Power Circuit 27
B. Control Scheme 28
3.4 EV SynRM Drive 33
A. System Components 33
B. Physical Modeling Considering Core Losses 33
C. Estimation of Key Parameters 34
D. The Proposed Adaptive Commutation Scheme 40
E. Control Schemes 40
3.5 Efficiency Evaluation 45
A. Energy Conversion Efficiency Assessment 45
B. Effectiveness of Commutation Shift 47
C. Reversible Operation 49
D. Regenerative Braking 49
E. Programmed Speed Patterns 50
CHAPTER 4 STANDARD ELECTRIC VEHICLE SYNCHRONOUS RELUCTANCE MOTOR DRIVE WITH VARIED DC-LINK VOLTAGE 53
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 System Configuration 53
4.3 Coordinated Outer-loop Control Schemes 55
A. Speed Control Scheme of SynRM Drive 55
B. Voltage-loop Control Scheme of Battery Interface
Converter 59
4.4 Whole EV SynRM Drive Performance Evaluation 61
A. DC-link Voltage Setting 61
B. Efficiency Assessment 61
C. Energy Consumption Characteristics 64
CHAPTER 5 POSITION SENSORLESS ELECTRIC VEHICLE SYNCHRONOUS RELUCTANCE MOTOR DRIVE 67
5.1 Introduction 67
5.2 Key Attributes Determination for Single-axis HFI Scheme 67
A. D-axis Injection 69
B. Q-axis Injection 70
C. Experimental Verification 71
5.3 Slotting Effects of HFI Operation 76
A. Current Harmonics Caused by Slotting Effects 76
B. Spectral Characteristics 76
C. Injected Axis Choice for Pulsating Voltage Signal Injection 76
5.4 The Developed HFI Position Sensorless SynRM Drive 77
A. System Configuration and Operation Principle 77
B. System Parameters 79
C. Experimental Evaluation 80
5.5 Operation Characteristics of the Established HFI Position Sensorless SynRM Drive 85
A. Starting Characteristics 85
B. Steady-state Characteristics 86
C. Speed Dynamic Responses 88
D. Acceleration/Deceleration and Reversible Operation 89
E. Regenerative Braking 91
F. Programmed Speed Pattern 92
G. Efficiency Evaluation 94
CHAPTER 6 VEHICLE-TO-GRID AND VEHICLE-TO-MICROGRID BIDIRECTIONAL OPERATIONS 96
6.1 Introduction 96
6.2 System Configuration 96
6.3 Development of a Three-phase Full-bridge SMR 96
A. System Configuration 96
B. Circuit Operation 99
C. Design of Circuit Components 101
D. Control Schemes 102
E. Experimental Results 107
6.4 Three-phase G2V/V2G Operation 111
A. Grid-to-vehicle Charging Operation 111
B. Vehicle-to-grid Discharging Operation 111
6.5 Single-phase G2V/V2G Operation using SMR with External Inductor 115
A. Power Circuit 115
B. Control Schemes 116
C. Measured Results 117
D. G2V/V2G Operations 118
6.6 Single-phase G2V/V2G Operation using SMR with Integrated Inductor 121
A. System Configuration 121
B. Control Schemes 122
C. Measured Results 122
D. G2V/V2G Operations 124
6.7 EV and Microgrid Inter-connected Operations 127
A. Microgrid-to-vehicle Operation 129
B. Vehicle-to-microgrid Operation 132
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS 134
REFERENCES 136

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E. Grid-Connected Operations
[91] J. G. Pinto, V. Monteiro, H. Gonçalves, B. Exposto, D. Pedrosa, C. Couto, and J. L. Afonso, “Bidirectional battery charger with grid-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-grid and vehicle-to-home technologies,” in Proc. IEEE IECON, 2013, pp. 5934-5939.
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[97] K. W. Hu and C. M. Liaw, “Incorporated operation control of DC microgrid and electric vehicle,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 202-215, Jan. 2016.
[98] M. A. Masrur, A. G. Skowronska, J. Hancock, S. W. Kolhoff, D. Z. McGrew, J. C. Vandiver, and J. Gatherer, “Military-based vehicle-to-grid and vehicle-to-vehicle microgrid-system architecture and implementation,” IEEE Trans. Transport. Electrific., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 157-171, 2018.
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[100] A. Khaligh and M. D. Antonio, “Global trends in high-power on-board chargers for electric vehicles” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 68, no. 4, 2019.
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F. Switch-mode Rectifiers and Front-end Converters
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G. Others
[115] J. H. Zhuang, “Development of position sensorless synchronous reluctance generator system and its performance enhancement controls,” Master Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, ROC, 2018.