本論文利用電磁構音儀搜集語料，以研究閩南語中，口元音及鼻元音在聲學和構音上的差異。刺激項包含口元音/i, e, a/和鼻元音/ĩ, ẽ, ã/，每個刺激項都是單音節，搜集了十位語者的語料。實驗結果顯示，在閩南語，語者個體口鼻元音差異中，第一共振鋒與舌位高低並非成反比，而第二共振鋒也並非與舌位前後成正比，這樣的結果與Carignan (2014)的法語結果相符。不過，閩南語中，第二共振鋒及舌位前後的口鼻元音區辨上，與法語則是截然不同的。根據Delvaux (2002) 及 Carignan (2014)的研究結果，多數法語語者所發的鼻元音，通常較口元音擁有較低的第二共振鋒，以及較靠後的舌位， 然而在閩南語中，語者的鼻元音通常較口元音擁有較低的第二共振鋒及較靠前的舌位。我們推測這樣的不同可能受閩南語中的聲調影響，以及兩個語言中，鼻元音鼻化程度的差異所導致。此外，研究結果也觀察到，閩南語中，語者在口鼻元音差異的構音表現上，有著個體間不同的結果，而法語中也有著同樣的現象。
本研究是第一篇對於閩南語中的口鼻元音進行聲學及構音關係的研究，研究結果除了對於台灣閩南語的口鼻元音在聲學和構音區辨上，做了初步的探討外，也同時將閩南語的結果，和文獻中法語的結果進行討論，以期能對台灣閩南語的口鼻元音的構音性質做出更細緻的描寫。

This study aims to investigate acoustic and articulatory distinctions between oral and nasal vowels in Taiwanese Southern Min (TSM). There are acoustic data of ten speakers and articulatory data of nine speakers recorded using an NDI Wave. The materials include oral vowels /i, e, a/ and nasal vowels /ĩ, ẽ, ã/ in monosyllabic forms. Results show that, just like nasal vowels in French (Carignan 2014), F1 doesn’t exhibit absolute negative relationship with tongue height, and F2 is not positively correlated with vowel backness, as far as nasal vowels in TSM are concerned. However, results also suggest that TSM is quite different from French in terms of still some other acoustic and articulatory properties. Specifically, most nasal vowels are produced with lower F2 and more retracted tongue positions than oral vowels in French (e.g., Delvaux (2002) and Carignan (2014)). Nasal vowels are, in general, produced with higher F2 and fronter tongue positions than oral vowels in TSM. We speculate that the present cross-linguistic differences might be attributed to different degrees of nasality and (perhaps) the presence of lexical tone in TSM.
Our results also confirm that there is robust interspeaker variation in the articulation of nasal vowels in TSM. Just like their French counterparts, again, our TSM speakers employed distinct articulatory strategies to implement nasality in acoustic realization, indicating that the variation in the articulations of nasal vowels may not be language-specific. In sum, the present study is the first attempt to document and investigate the articulatory and acoustic properties of nasal vowels in Sinitic languages. The results show that TSM does have some unique features in the articulations of nasal vowels.

摘要 1
ABSTRACT 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS 4
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 5
1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
1.2 TAIWANESE SOUTHERN MIN (TSM) 6
CHAPTER 2 METHOD 9
2.1 PARTICIPANTS 9
2.2 STIMULI 9
2.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC ARTICULOGRAPHY (EMA) EXPERIMENT 10
2.4 DATA ANALYSIS 11
2.4.1 ACOUSTICS 11
2.4.2 ARTICULATION 13
CHAPTER 3 RESULT 15
3.1 ACOUSTICS 15
3.2 ARTICULATION 22
CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSION 31
4.1 ORAL AND NASAL DISTINCTION BETWEEN TSM AND FRENCH 31
4.2 CO-VARYING ARTICULATION OF NASALIZATION AND FORMANT REALIZATION 33
4.3 INTER-SPEAKER VARIATION OF ARTICULATION IN NASALIZATION 41
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 43
REFERENCES 46
APPENDIX A 50
STATISTICAL RESULTS OF ACOUSTIC DATA 50
APPENDIX B 62
STATISTICAL RESULTS OF ARTICULATORY DATA 62

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