前人文獻記載，臺灣閩南語的輕聲分為二種類型。第一型輕聲固定實現為一低調，而第二型輕聲承接前一音節的音高標的。然而，有關臺灣閩南語輕聲之音高標的及環境變體的實驗研究並不多，且劃分二型輕聲的根本因素尚未定論。因此，本文欲探索臺灣閩南語輕聲的語音實現態樣，並尋求對於輕聲詞所屬輕聲類型的較佳解釋。本研究包含二項實驗，皆採用「動詞+輕聲詞」格式之語料，具有前字聲調、輕聲詞二組變因控制。量化分析採用平滑曲線變異數分析（Smoothing Spline ANOVA），對聲學數據進行統計建模，以比較各組正規化音高曲線在不同條件下的異同。結果顯示，第一型輕聲的音高曲線向低音高處會聚，可認為其具有一個「低」的音高標的；第二型輕聲則展現了擴及整個音節的向右聲調傳佈，此一傳調效應甚可擴及至多個連續的第二型輕聲音節。比較語者間的傳調態樣後，本文提出輕聲詞聲母的響亮程度（sonority）對於輕聲詞傳調與否具有決定性因素：零聲母輕聲詞最易歸屬於第二型輕聲；響音聲母輕聲詞次之；而無聲阻音聲母的輕聲詞則絕大部份為第一型輕聲，鮮有傳調。本研究或能為臺灣閩南語輕聲的語音及音韻本質的解釋做出貢獻，也望能成為語言教師及研究者了解臺語輕聲相關規律的參考資料。

It has been noted in the literature that there are two types of neutral tone in Taiwanese Southern Min. Type 1 neutral tone is realized with a low pitch, while Type 2 neutral tone carries the pitch target of the preceding syllable. However, experimental research seldom deals with the two neutral tones’ pitch target and their contextual variation, and there have been no effective accounts for which enclitic belongs to which neutral tone type. Therefore, the article aims to explore phonetic realizations of the two types of neutral tone in Taiwanese Southern Min and to look for a better principle to treat the lexical idiosyncrasies in neutral tone types. This research involved two experiments, each with a controlled wordlist of “verb-enclitic” constructions in different tone and enclitic conditions. The quantitative analysis of the acoustic data was conducted through Smoothing Spline ANOVA modelling in order to compare the time-normalized pitch contours under the two sets of conditions. Results of this study suggested a [low] pitch target for Type 1 neutral tone and a rightward tone spreading throughout the whole syllable for Type 2 neutral tone. In addition, tone spreading onto multiple Type 2 enclitics was also found. Based on the speaker-specific patterns of tone spreading, it is proposed that the sonority of the interluding onset plays an important role in determining whether the neutral tone enclitic belongs to Type 1 or Type 2: the more sonorous the onset, the more possible that the enclitic belongs to Type 2. To conclude, this study may be of importance in explaining the phonetic and phonological natures of the two neutral tones in Taiwanese Southern Min as well as in providing language teachers and researchers with a better understanding of the rules of the neutral tones in Taiwanese Southern Min.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
誌謝 Acknowledgements iii
Table of Contents vii
List of Figures xi
List of Tables xv
Abbreviations of Technical Terms xvii

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Research questions 3
1.2.1 Is there a pitch target for NT1? 3
1.2.2 How is the pitch contextually dependent? 4
1.2.3 What is the rule for the NT types? 4
1.3 Notes on transcription and orthography 4
1.4 Organization of the thesis 5

Chapter 2 Literature Review 7
2.1 Taiwanese Southern Mǐn: a phonological sketch 7
2.1.1 Segment 8
2.1.2 Syllable 9
2.1.3 Tone and tone sandhi 11
2.2 The neutral tone in Taiwanese Southern Min 14
2.2.1 Morphosyntactic properties of the neutral tone enclitics 14
2.2.1.1 Particle 16
2.2.1.1.1 Sentence-final particle 16
2.2.1.1.2 Nominalizer 17
2.2.1.2 Suffix and pseudo-suffix 18
2.2.1.2.1 Verbal suffix: telicity and aspect marker 18
2.2.1.2.2 Nominal and adjectival (pseudo-)suffix 20
2.2.1.3 Unfocused DP 21
2.2.2 The syntax-phonology mismatch 21
2.2.3 Two types of neutral tone realization 24
2.2.3.1 The NT1 and NT2 enclitics 25
2.3 Representation and implementation of tone 28
2.3.1 Target of tones 28
2.3.2 Carryover bias in tonal coarticulation 30
2.3.3 Experimental studies on the neutral tone 31
2.3.3.1 The neutral tone in Mandarin 32
2.3.3.2 The neutral tone(s) in Taiwanese Southern Min 34
2.4 The present study 36

Chapter 3 Experiment I 39
3.1 Experiment design 39
3.1.1 Materials 39
3.1.2 Participants 41
3.2 Procedure 42
3.2.1 Recording 42
3.2.2 Annotation and segmentation 42
3.2.3 Impressionistic transcription 45
3.2.4 Data analysis 45
3.3 Varieties of neutral tone types 47
3.4 Pitch target and contextual dependency 49
3.4.1 The pooled models 49
3.4.2 The varieties with NT2: tone-spreading after checked tones 52
3.4.3 The variety without NT2 55
3.5 Difference between NT1 and NT2 after the same tone 58
3.5.1 The pooled models 58
3.5.2 The low-offset tones: Tones 2, 3, and 4 59
3.5.3 Tone 1 62
3.5.4 Tone 5 63
3.5.5 Tone 7 63
3.5.6 Tone 8 64
3.6 Duration 66
3.6.1 Duration of the verb stem syllables 66
3.6.2 Duration of the NT enclitics 69
3.7 Discussion 70
3.7.1 Research findings 70
3.7.2 Transcriptions of the neutral tones 71
3.7.3 Local summary 73

Chapter 4 Experiment II 75
4.1 Experiment design 75
4.1.1 Materials 75
4.1.2 Participants 77
4.2 Procedure 78
4.3 Varieties of tone spreading 78
4.4 Pitch contour comparison 80
4.4.1 Comparison between neutral tone types 80
4.4.2 Comparison among onset types 83
4.4.2.1 Variety 1 83
4.4.2.2 Variety 1' 85
4.4.2.3 Variety 2: Participant M2 87
4.4.3 Double enclitics 89
4.5 Duration 93
4.5.1 Duration of the verb stem syllables 93
4.5.2 Duration of the enclitic syllables: single enclitic 95
4.5.3 Duration of the enclitic syllables: double enclitics 97
4.6 Research findings 98

Chapter 5 General Discussion 99
5.1 Representing tones and tone spreading 99
5.1.1 Level and falling tones 99
5.1.2 The low-rising tone 99
5.1.3 Checked tones and tone spreading 102
5.2 Rules of the two neutral tones 103
5.2.1 The three varieties 104
5.2.2 The blocking effects 105
5.2.3 From or to two neutral tones? 106
5.3 Multisyllabic tone spreading 107
5.3.1 Sonority hierarchy in double enclitics 108

Chapter 6 Conclusions 111
6.1 Review of research findings 111
6.2 Contributions and limitations of the study 111
6.3 Future research 113

References 115
Appendix A Stimuli used in Experiment I 123
Appendix B Stimuli used in Experiment II 125

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