本研究主要分為兩部分，第一部分回收生物廢棄物咖啡渣，利用簡易的化學活化法調配不同咖啡渣與活化劑之重量比，將廢棄咖啡渣製備成多孔活性碳材(coffee-waste-derived activated carbon，以下簡稱CWAC)，並將此作為微生物燃料電池之電極材料。第二部分則針對植物微生物燃料電池進行改良，包含植物選用以及電極製備，以期改善其功率密度。
在第一部分微生物燃料電池電極材料之研究中，我們使用微孔洞及表面分析儀偵測CWAC活性碳材的表面積與孔洞分布，並利用掃描式電子顯微鏡、X光繞射光譜、拉曼光譜、以及X光光電子能譜分析活性碳電極中的形貌與結構。再藉由線性掃描伏安法、循環伏安法以及電化學阻抗頻譜法分析活性碳電極在大腸桿菌液中之電化學特性。CWAC5 (前驅物咖啡渣：活化劑 = 1：5) 電極應用於微生物燃料電池之負極，可表現出高達3927 mW m−2之功率，並在連續運作五天後，在不需補充新營養源的條件下，仍具有約2000 mW m−2之功率，且CWAC5 電極相較於市售活性碳電極功率亦提升了4倍，顯示咖啡渣製備之活性碳材在微生物燃料電池應用上具有相當大之發展潛力。
在第二部分植物微生物燃料電池之研究中，我們使用生長週期較短的圓葉菸草與地瓜葉作為植物微生物燃料電池實驗組，先針對菸草植物微生物燃料電池設計不同裝置，再製備不同電極與不同植物數量參數，量測其電性進行比較。於此基礎上，測試地瓜葉植物微生物燃料電池，對其裝置、電極進一步改良，並探討不同栽培介質與益生菌對於其電性之影響。

In this study, coffee waste-derived activated carbon (CWAC) was synthesized with different activating agent ratios, including 1:1 (CWAC1), 1:5 (CWAC5), 1:10 (CWAC10) and also nonactivated CWAC 1:0 (CWAC0). In the first part, CWACs were fabricated as electrode material for microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In the second part, we investigated the plant microbial fuel cells (PMFCs) and aimed to improving its performance in power density.
First, CWACs was characterized by Field emission scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy for analysis of their material properties. Next, the electrochemical performance of MFCs with CWAC electrodes were characterized through linear sweep voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in this study. The MFC with CWAC5 exhibited well cell performance with a power density more than 3927 mW m-2, which is 4 times higher than the one with commercial activated carbon electrode. Furthermore, it can continuously function for 5 days at a power density of 2000 mW m−2 without resupply of nutrient. This shows that the CWACs have great potential for sustainable bioelectricity generation in MFCs.
In the second part, we chose Nicotiana benthamiana, a close relative of tobacco, and sweet potato leaves as our experimental plants for PMFCs. We focused on the parameter optimization and compared the power performance of our tobacco PMFC settings, including device design, electrode materials, and plant numbers. Based on the results obtained from tobacco PMFCs, the design of devices and electrodes of PMFCs with sweet potato leaves were further ameliorated. In addition, the influence of different culture media and microbial co-cultivation on power performance were also discussed

摘要 -------------------------------------------------1
Abstract -----------------------------------------2
致謝 -------------------------------------------------3
目錄 -------------------------------------------------5
圖目錄 -------------------------------------------------9
表目錄 ------------------------------------------------12
第1章 緒論 ----------------------------------------13
1-1 研究背景 ----------------------------------------13
1-2 研究動機 ----------------------------------------13
第2章 文獻回顧與原理簡介 ------------------------15
2-1 活性碳簡介 --------------------------------15
2-1-1 活性碳製備 --------------------------------16
2-1-1-1 碳化 ----------------------------------------16
2-1-1-2 活化 ----------------------------------------16
2-1-2 活性碳吸附原理 --------------------------------17
2-1-2-1 等溫吸附曲線 --------------------------------17
2-1-2-2 遲滯曲線 ----------------------------------------19
2-2 微生物燃料電池發展 ------------------------20
2-2-1 微生物燃料電池原理 ------------------------21
2-2-2 微生物燃料電池之極化特性 ------------------------22
2-2-3 微生物燃料電池電極材料 ------------------------24
2-3 植物微生物燃料電池發展 ------------------------27
2-3-1 植物微生物燃料電池原理 ------------------------27
2-3-2 植物微生物燃料電池電極材料 ----------------28
第3章 實驗步驟與研究方法 ------------------------31
3-1 實驗架構 ----------------------------------------31
3-1-1 微生物燃料電池 --------------------------------31
3-1-2 植物微生物燃料電池 ------------------------32
3-2 實驗藥品 ----------------------------------------33
3-3 咖啡渣活性碳合成 --------------------------------34
3-4 微生物燃料電池組裝流程 ------------------------35
3-4-1 負極製備方法 --------------------------------35
3-4-2 正極製備方法 --------------------------------36
3-4-2-1 白金電極 ----------------------------------------36
3-4-2-2 活性碳電極 --------------------------------37
3-4-3 大腸桿菌培養 --------------------------------38
3-4-4 微生物燃料電池組裝 ------------------------38
3-5 植物微生物燃料電池組裝 ------------------------39
3-5-1 菸草種子種植 --------------------------------39
3-5-2 菸草水耕液配置 --------------------------------40
3-5-3 不同水耕裝置設計 --------------------------------40
3-5-4 電極製備 ----------------------------------------41
3-5-5 地瓜葉栽種 --------------------------------41
3-5-6 土壤益生菌之添加 --------------------------------42
3-6 材料特性量測方法 --------------------------------42
3-6-1 場發射掃描式電子顯微鏡分析 (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, FESEM) --------------------------------42
3-6-2 BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller)比表面積與孔徑分析 42
3-6-3 X射線繞射分析 (X-ray Diffraction, XRD) --------43
3-6-4 拉曼光譜分析 --------------------------------43
3-6-5 X射線光電子能譜分析 (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, XPS) --------------------------------------------------------43
3-7 電化學性質分析 --------------------------------44
3-7-1 線性掃描伏安法 (Linear Sweep Voltammetry, LSV) 44
3-7-2 循環伏安法 (Cyclic Voltammetry, CV) --------45
3-7-3 電化學阻抗頻譜分析 (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, EIS) ------------------------------------------------45
第4章 結果與討論 --------------------------------46
4-1 以咖啡渣活性碳作為微生物燃料電池電極材料之研究 46
4-1-1 咖啡渣活性碳之材料特性分析 ----------------46
4-1-1-1 場發射掃描式電子顯微鏡分析 ----------------46
4-1-1-2 BET比表面積與孔徑分析 ------------------------47
4-1-1-3 X射線繞射分析 --------------------------------49
4-1-1-4 拉曼光譜分析 --------------------------------49
4-1-1-5 X射線光電子能譜分析 ------------------------50
4-1-2 咖啡渣活性碳應用於微生物燃料電池之電化學性質分析 54
4-1-2-1 循環伏安法分析 --------------------------------54
4-1-2-2 大腸桿菌分布情形之探討 ------------------------55
4-1-2-3 電化學阻抗頻譜分析 ------------------------56
4-1-2-4 線性掃描伏安法分析 ------------------------58
4-1-2-5 長時間穩定性分析 --------------------------------60
4-2 植物微生物燃料電池之設計與改良 ----------------62
4-2-1 菸草植物微生物燃料電池 ------------------------62
4-2-1-1 不同裝置設計比較 --------------------------------62
4-2-1-2 菸草植株顆數之影響 ------------------------------63
4-2-1-3 電極對電性之探討 --------------------------------64
4-2-2 地瓜葉植物微生物燃料電池 ------------------------65
4-2-2-1 裝置設計、栽培介質與電極改良之影響 ----------------65
4-2-2-2 益生菌添加對電性表現之影響 ----------------68
第5章 結論 ----------------------------------------72
第6章 未來展望 ----------------------------------------74
本研究相關之發表 ----------------------------------------75
參考文獻 ------------------------------------------------78

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