本篇論文將國際技術擴散之管道分為「貿易」與「非貿易」兩個層面，旨於估計美國公民近年來商務旅行至外國對於該國高質量創新的影響、探討美國技術擴散至其他國家之管道與美國技術對他國之影響程度。使用創新質量較高的三邊專利申請數作為創新的衡量依據，並分別以商務旅行作為非貿易技術擴散管道、直接外人投資與不同資料來源的中間財貿易作為貿易相關的技術擴散管道，綜合衡量在勞動力流動日趨頻繁的現今，美國作為技術擴散國、對於其他技術接收國的主要技術擴散管道；此外，亦試圖探討近年全球影響力排名之議題。結果指出，隨著跨境移動之壁壘逐漸消弭，商務旅行是美國國際技術擴散之管道，意指即便在網路無遠弗屆的現代，人與人之間面對面直接進行交談仍具重要性；另一方面，在資訊爆炸的現代，技術接收國本身的技術吸收能力亦是影響該國之創新的關鍵。

This thesis aims to investigate the channels of outward international technology diffusion using the United States as an example. We divide the channels of technology diffusion into “trade-related” and “non-trade related”. Outbound business travel is used as a proxy for non-trade related channel, and outward FDI and trade in intermediate inputs are proxies for trade-related channels. We use triadic patent applications as a measure of innovation. This thesis not only evaluates the relative importance of the channels of technology diffusion but also attempts to discuss the issue of global power ranking. The results suggest that even with rapid development of the Internet, face-to-face communication via outbound business travel is still important for technology diffusion. In addition to technology diffusion, our findings suggest that the absorptive ability of technology-receiving countries is also significant in an era of information explosion.

目錄
第一章、前言 1
第二章、文獻回顧 4
（一） 貿易面 4
（二） 非貿易面 6
（三） 其他面向 8
第三章、資料敘述 9
（一） 創新的衡量 9
（二） 旅遊人數的衡量 10
（三） 中間財貿易 12
（四） 直接外人投資（FDI） 13
（五） 其他變數 13
第四章、研究方法與實證結果 16
（一） 研究假說 16
（二） 基礎假設與模型 16
（三） 實證結果 17
（四） 其他效果－樣本限制於已開發國家之結果 22
（五） 其他效果－解釋變數加入R&D之結果 25
第五章、結論 28
參考文獻 31
附錄－相關檢定 36
附表 38

圖目錄
圖一：全球出境總人次（單位：十億人次） 1
圖二：全球前五大專利局申請數（單位：個數） 2
圖三：2014年各國在USPTO、EPO及三邊專利局之專利佔比（單位：%） 10
圖四：美國公民1996年至2014年商務旅行到他國平均每人次數（單位：人次） 11
圖五：美國1996年至2011年中間財貿易總出口量（單位：百萬美元） 12
圖六：美國1982年至2016年投資至各國之金額（單位：百萬美元） 13
圖七：1996年至2014年各國三邊專利申請比例（單位：%） 19
圖八：美國1999年至2017年國際收支帳（單位：百萬美元） 29
圖九：美國1999年至2017年專業與管理顧問服務進出口額（單位：百萬美元） 30
表目錄
表一：（A）組主要實證結果 20
表一：（B）組主要實證結果 21
表二：（A）組其他效果－樣本限制於已開發國家之結果 23
表二：（B）組其他效果－樣本限制於已開發國家之結果 24
表三：（A）組其他效果－解釋變數加入R&D之結果 26
表三：（B）組其他效果－解釋變數加入R&D之結果 27
附錄表一：Im-Pesaran-Shin單根檢定 36
附錄表二：Breusch-Pagan Lagrange Multiplier 36
附表一：資料國家列表及代號 38
附表二：敘述統計 39
附表三：（A）組相關係數 40
附表三：（B）組相關係數 41
附表四：（A）組相關係數－去除國家固定效果 42
附表四：（B）組相關係數－去除國家固定效果 43

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