近年來隨著生活飲食習慣不同，因惡性腫瘤而死亡之人數上升，其中女性好發癌症第一名為乳癌，為了可以有效提早發現乳癌並提早治療，乳癌篩檢是重要的工具，經臨床實驗證明，乳房X光攝影能夠提早發現乳癌，降低死亡機率，因此乳房X光攝影相對甚於重要。本論文研究目的為設計並實現X光感測器之讀出電路，設計之讀出電路前端使用之像素架構為國立清華大學范森雄博士所提出的新穎像素，像素的好處是很小的漏電流，此像素可應用於大面積之醫學影像且圖框更新率為2-frame/s。
本文讀出電路設計採用了數位相關二次取樣，用於減少FPN雜訊，低功耗，且可避免電容匹配與時脈饋入問題，且實現類比數位轉換。數位相關二次取樣電路包含放大器，比較器，數位類比轉換器，上下計數器和電壓位準移位器。讀出電路解析度需求為11bit。讀出電路使用TSMC 0.35μm 2P4M製程實現，晶片面積為3.385mm×1.412mm = 4.78 mm2。

Recently, owing to significantly change in eating habits, the number of deaths due to malignant tumors has increased. Among them, female are prone to breast cancer. In order to effectively detect breast cancer and treat it early, mammography is an important tool. It has been proven that mammography can detect breast cancer effectively and reduce the chance of death, therefore mammography is relatively important. The purpose of this thesis is to design and implement the readout circuit of X-ray sensor. This readout circuit is designed base on a novel pixel that was proposed by Dr. Fan Sen-Shyong in National Tsing Hua University. The advantage of the pixel is the small leakage current, and it can be applied to a large area of medical image. The frame rate is 2-frame per second in this read out circuit.
In this paper, the readout circuit design adopts digital correlated double sampling technique to reduce FPN noise, decrease power consumption, and avoid capacitive mismatching and clock skew problems. The digital correlated double sampling circuit includes an amplifier, a comparator, a digital to analog converter, an up/down counter, and a voltage level shifter. The resolution of the proposed readout circuit is 11 bits, and it was implemented using the TSMC 0.35μm 2P4M process. Its die area is 3.385mm × 1.412mm.

摘要....................................I
ABSTRACT...............................II
目錄..................................III
圖目錄..................................V
表目錄.................................IX
第一章 前言............................1
1.1 近況發展............................1
1.2 研究動機............................3
1.3 章節架構............................5
第二章　數位X光影像系統..................6
2.1 X光感測器...........................7
2.1.1 數位放射造影......................7
2.1.2 電腦放射造影......................7
2.1.3 主動式像素感測器...................7
2.1.4 被動像素式感測器...................8
2.2數位X光影像系統基本特性................9
2.2.1 填充係數(Fill Factor , FF).........9
2.2.2 動態範圍(Dynamic Range, DR)........9
2.2.3 雜訊..............................10
第三章　電路架構與設計....................13
3.1 系統簡介.............................14
3.2 像素架構與操作原理....................17
3.2.1 像素架構...........................17
3.2.2 像素操作原理........................19
3.3 電路架構與操作原理.................22
3.3.1 像素與電荷放大器操作...............23
3.3.2 數位相關二次取樣....................27
3.4 子電路...............................29
3.4.1 放大器.............................29
3.4.2 比較器............................34
3.4.3 上下計數器........................37
3.4.4 數位類比轉換器....................39
3.4.5 電壓位準轉換器.....................52
第四章 電路模擬與佈局.......................55
4.1 系統規格...............................55
4.2 模擬電路...............................56
4.3 電路佈局...............................61
第五章 晶片量測與分析.......................65
5.1 印刷電路板設計..........................65
5.2 量測原理................................66
5.3 儀器介紹................................67
5.4 量測系統設計與量測環境...................68
5.5 量測結果................................69
第六章 結論與未來展望........................74
參考文獻....................................75

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