普通話中的大多數詞語都是複合詞（根據shi 2002 年的數據，佔比達到80%），而且普通話動詞複合詞在文獻中受到了廣泛的關注；然而，很少有學者採用第一階段句法（First Phase Syntax）框架來研究普通話。通過觀察動詞的解構，我們可以獲得許多有趣的見解。事件結構和事件參與者可以直接從句法層級結構（hierarchical syntactic structure）中讀取，而不是編碼在詞彙項中。本文展示了哪些普通話動詞可以許可 init 投射，哪些動詞可以許可 proc 投影或 res 投影。 Ramchand (2008) 第一階段語法可以非常有效地分析普通話動詞複合詞，因為 V1 和 V2 可以許可結構的不同投射。 Basciano (2010) 認為，在普通話中，V2 本身就能夠標識出 res。由於它是一個動詞，因此結果補語可以獨立許可限定詞位置來容納結果對象。這意味著漢語中不需要空的 res 中心語，並且漢語結果復合詞中的 V2 具有獨立識別 resP 中心語的特徵，因為動詞項可以表達狀態的變化。本文還討論了其他類型的動詞複合詞（起始動作、階段補語等）。

最後，我們採用一種新穎的方法來分析普通話中的"so do"結構。我們對 Wei 和 Li (2016) 的構建研究提出了另一種分析。在我們的分析中，proc投射變得非常重要。普通話中的"so do"結構是一種有用的句法測試，可以判斷動詞解構是否包含明確的過程投射。

The majority of the words in Mandarin are compounds (80% according to Shi, 2002), and Mandarin Verbal Compounds have received plenty of attention in the literature; however, very few scholars employ a First Phase Syntax framework to investigate Mandarin Chinese. There are many interesting insights that one can receive by looking at the verbal decomposition. The event structure and event participants can be read directly off the hierarchical syntactic structure, not encoded in the lexical items. This dissertation demonstrates which Mandarin Chinese verbs can license the init projection and which verbs can license the proc projection or res projection. Mandarin Verbal Compounds can be analyzed quite effectively in Ramchand’s (2008) First Phase Syntax, because the V1 and V2 can license different projections of the structure. Basciano (2010) posits that in Mandarin Chinese, the V2 itself identifies the res. Since it is a verb, the result complement can independently license a specifier position to host the Resultee. This means that there is no need for a null res head in Mandarin Chinese, and the V2 in Mandarin Chinese resultative compounds possesses the features to independently identify the resP head, because the verbal items can express a change of state. This dissertation discusses other types of verbal compounds (inceptive action, phase complement, etc.) as well.

Lastly, we end by taking a novel approach to the analysis of the Mandarin Chinese so do construction. We propose an alternative analysis to the so do construction research by Wei and Li (2016). The proc projection becomes extremely important in our analysis. The so do construction in Mandarin Chinese is a useful syntactic test to determine whether or not the verbal decomposition contains an overt process projection.

Content
Abstract
Abstract (Mandarin)
Acknowledgements
Content
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Framework: First Phase Syntax 4
1.3 First Phase Syntax in Action 8
1.3.1 Cross-linguistic Data from Spanish 16
1.3.2 Cross-linguistic Data from Mandarin Chinese 18
1.4 Aim of the Research 21
1.4.1 The Data 21
1.4.2 General Outline 22
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Aristotelian Tradition 24
2.2 Mandarin Chinese Verbs 27
2.3 Building Verb Meaning 34
2.4 Basic Elements of Verb Meaning 38
2.5 Phrase Structure 45
2.6 Event Structure as Syntax 52
2.7 Aktionsart in Non-English Languages 54
2.7.1 Japanese 54
2.7.2 Mandarin Chinese 60
2.8 Mandarin Studies Based on First Phase Syntax 61
2.9 Concluding Remarks 65
Chapter 3 A First Phase Syntax Analysis of Mandarin Verbal Compounds
3.1 Lexical Types in Mandarin Chinese 67
3.1.1 Transitive [init, proc] Verbs 67
3.1.2 Transitive Verbs with a Path Object 68
3.1.3 Transitive [init, proc, res] Verbs with Rhematic DPs 69
3.1.4 Intransitive Verbs 70
3.1.5 Semelfactives 71
3.1.6 Stative Verbs 72
3.1.7 First Phase Syntax Framework 73
3.2 A First Phase Syntax Approach to Mandarin Chinese Resultative 74
Compounds
3.2.1 Resultative Compounds with an Intransitive [Init, Proc] V1 75
3.2.2 Resultative Compounds with a Transitive [Init, Proc] V1 78
3.2.3 Interim Summary 81
3.3 Inceptive Action 82
3.4 Phase-Complement Compounds 87
3.5 Summary 102
Chapter 4 A First Phase Syntax Approach to so do Constructions
in Mandarin Chinese
4.1 Introduction 104
4.2 English so 105
4.3 English do 109
4.4 do so sentences in English 111
4.5 Mandarin Chinese Pro-predicates 120
4.6 Wei & Li’s (2016) Approach 127
4.7 A First Phase Syntax Approach to so do 130
4.7.1 The Stative Verb zhidao 130
4.7.2 The Achievement Verb daoda 133
4.7.3 The Activity and Accomplishment Verb Phrases xie-wan 136
and qi-si
4.8 Discussion 144
4.9 Summary 150
Chapter 5 Conclusion
5.1 Findings and Contributions 152
5.2 Directions for Future Research 153
References 156

Aldridge, E. and B. Meisterernst. (2018). Resultative and termination: A unified analysis of Middle Chinese VP-YI. In Kunion Nishiyama, Hideki Kishimoto & Edith Aldridge (eds.), Topics in Theoretical Asian linguistics, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Babko-Malaya, O. (1999). Zero Morphology: a study of aspect, argument
structure and case. PhD. Dissertation. Rutgers University.

Basciano, B. (2010). Verbal Compounding and Causativity in Mandarin Chinese. PhD. dissertation. University of Verona.

Basciano, B. (2019). On the event structure of Chinese resultative compounds. Cahiers de linguistique asie orientale East Asian Languages and Linguistics 48, 173-241.

Basciano, B. and Melloni, C. (2017). Italian Journal of Linguistics, 29.1, 143-166.

Benua, L. and H. Borer. (1996). The passive/anti-passive alternation. Paper presented at GLOW, Athens.

Borer, H. (1994). The projection of arguments. In E. Benedicto and J. Runner (eds). Functional Projections, University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers 17, Amherst, MA: GLSA, UMass.

Borer, H. (1996). Passive without theta grids. In P. Farell & S. Lapoint (eds). Morphological Interfaces, Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information.

Bouton, L. F. (1970). Do so: do + adverb. In Studies presented to Robert B. Lees by his students, eds. J. Sadock and A. Vanek, 17-38. Edmonton: Linguistics Research, Inc.

Butt, M. and G. Ramchand. (2005). Complex Aspect Structure in Hindi/Hurdu. In N. Erteschik-Shir & T. Rapoport (eds.), The Syntax of Aspect: Deriving Thematic and Aspectual Interpretation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 117-153.

Chao, Y. R. (1968). A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Cheng, L. L. S. and R. P. E. Sybesma. (1998). On Dummy Objects and the
Transitivity of run. In R. van Bezooijen & R. Kager (eds.), Linguistics in the Netherlands 1998. Amsterdam: AVT/John Benjamins, 81-93.

Chomsky, N. (1981). Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris.

Chomsky, N. (1986). Knowledge of Language: It’s Nature, Origin and Use. New York: Praeger.

Chomsky, N. (1995). The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Chu, C.C. (1976). Some semantic aspects of action verbs. Lingua 40, 43–54.

Chu, C.-N. (1999). Chinese Lexicology. Taipei: Wu Nan.

Chung, K. S. (2006). Mandarin Compound Verbs. Taipei: Crane Publishing.

Culicover, P. W, and R. Jackendoff. (2005). Simpler syntax. New York: Oxford University Press.

den Dikken, M. (1995). Particles: On the Syntax of Verb-particle, Triadic, and Causative constructions. New York: Oxford University Press.

Dowty, D. R. (1977). Toward a semantic analysis of verb aspect and the English‘Imperfective’ progressive. Linguistics and Philosophy 1, 45-79.

Dowty, D. R. (1979). Word Meaning and Montague Grammar. Dordrecht: Foris.

Erteschik-Shir, N. and T. Rapoport. (1997). A theory of verbal projection. In Interfaces in Linguistic Theory, ed. G. Motos, 129-148. Lisbon: Edicoes Colibri.

Feng, S. (1998). Prosodic structure and compound words in Classical Chinese. In J. Packard (ed.), New approaches to Chinese Word Formation. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 196-259.

Gao, H. (2001). The Physical Foundation of the Patterning of Physical Action Verbs: A Study of Chinese Verbs. Travaux de l’institut de linguistique de Lund XLI. Lund University, Akademsk Avhandling.

Grimshaw, J. (1990). Argument Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Guan, L. (2003). Pu tong hua “Vwan” shi chu tan [The preliminary study of the V-wan phrase in Mandarin Chinese]. Studies of the Chinese Language 2003-3: 230-233.

Gueron, J. (1987). Clause union and the verb-particle construction in English. In North Eastern Linguistics Society Annual Meeting (NELS) 17.

Hale, K. and S. Keyser. (2002). Prolegomenon to a theory of argument structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Hankamer, J, and I. Sag. (1976). Deep and surface anaphora. Linguistic Inquiry 7(3), 391-426.

Her, O.-S. (1990). Grammatical Functions and Verb Subcategorization in
Mandarin Chinese. Dissertation. University of Hawaii. Taipei: Crane.

Hoekstra, T. (1988). Small clause results. Lingua 74, 101-139.

Hoekstra, T. (1992). Aspect and theta theory. In Thematic Structure: Its Role in Grammar, ed. Iggy Roca, 145-174. Berlin: Foris Publications.

Houser, M. J. (2010). The syntax and semantics of do so anaphora. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.

Hsueh, Frank F. S. (1989). The Structural Meaning of ba and bei Constructions in Mandarin Chinese: Do they Really Mean Disposal and Passive? In James H. Y. Tai and Frank F. S. Hsueh (eds.), Functionalism and Chinese Grammar. New Jersey: Chinese Language Teachers Association.

Huang, C.-T. (1984). On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry 15, 531-574.

Huang, C.-T. (2015). On Syntactic Analyticity and Parametric Theory. In Chinese Syntax in a Cross-linguistic Perspective, eds. Li, Y.-H. Audrey, Andrew Simpson, and W.-T. Dylan Tsai, 1-48. New York: Oxford University Press.

Huang, C.-T. and C.-S. Liu. (2000). Logophoricity, Attitudes and Ziji at the Interface. In Syntax and Semantics 33: Long-Distance Reflexives, eds. Peter Cole, Gabriella Hermon and C.-T. James Huang, 141-195. New York: Academic Press.

Huang, H.-C. (2007). Argument Realization of Chinese Result and Phase
Complements. UTA Working Papers in Linguistics 2006-2007, 67-89.

Huang, Y. (2018). A Structural Approach to Phase Complements in Mandarin Chinese. MA Thesis. National Tsing Hua University.

Huddleston, R. D. and G. K. Pullum. 2002. The Cambridge Grammar of the
English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jackendoff, R. (1990). Semantic Structures. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Kayne, R. S. (1985). Principles of particle constructions. In Jacqueline Gueron, Hans-Georg Obenauer, and Jean-Yves Pollock, eds., Grammatical Representation, 101-140, Dordrecht: Foris.

Kehler, A. and G. Ward. (1999). On the semantics and pragmatics of identifier so. In The Semantics/Pragmatics Interface from Different Points of View (Current Research in the Semantics/Pragmatics Interface Series, Volume 1), ed. Ken Turner, 233-256. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ed. Ken Turner, 233-256. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Kenny, A. (1963). Action, Emotion and Will. London: Routledge and K. Paul. New York: Humanities Press.

Krifka, M. (1992). Thematic relations as links between nominal reference and temporal constitution. In I. Sag and A. Szabolsci, eds., Lexical Matters. Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information.

Lakoff, G. (1966). Stative adjectives and verbs in English. Mathematical linguistics and automatic translation; report to the National Science Foundation 17, Computational Laboratory, Harvard University.

Lakoff, G, and J. R. Ross. (1976). Why you can’t do so into the kitchen sink. In Syntax and Semantics 7: Notes from the linguistic underground, ed. James D. McCawley, 101-111. New York: Academic Press.

Larson, R. (1988). On the double object construction. Linguistic Inquiry 19, 335-392.

Levin, B. (1991). Building a Lexicon: The Contribution of Linguistic Theory. International Journal of Lexicography 4, 205-226.

Levin, B. (1993). English Verb Classes and Alternations: A Preliminary
Investigation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Levin, B. and M. Rappaport Hovav. (1995). Unaccusatives: At the Syntax-Lexical Semantics Interface. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.

Li, C. N. and S. A. Thompson. (1981). Mandarin Chinese: A Functional
Reference Grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Li, Y.-C. (1971). An Investigation of Case in Chinese Grammar. Seton Hall University Press.

Li, Y. H. A. (1990). Order and constituency in Chinese. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Lin, J. (2003). Aspectual selection and negation in Mandarin Chinese. Linguistics 41 (3), 425-459.

Lin, J. (2004). Event Structure and the Encoding of Arguments: The Syntax of the Mandarin and English Verb Phrase. Ph.D. dissertation. MIT.

Lin, T.-H. (2001). Light Verb Syntax and the Theory of Phrase Structure. PhD. dissertation. University of California, Irvine.

Liu, C.-M. (2006). Degree Modification of Adjectives in Mandarin Chinese. MA Thesis. National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan.

Lunsford, B. and T.-H. Lin. (2020, March 28). Interpreting Mandarin Pro-predicates. NTU Working Papers in Chinese Language Teaching 8th
Conference, Taipei, Taiwan.

Lü, S. X. (1980). 现代汉语八百词 ‘Eight hundred words in Contemporary
Chinese’. Beijing: Shanggwu Yinshuguan.

Mair, C. (1987). Tough-movement in present-day British English: A corpus-based study. Studia Linguistica 41 (1), 59-71.

Meisterernst, B. (2015). Tense and Aspect in Han Period Chinese: A Linguistic Analysis of the ‘Shiji’. Berlin: DeGruyter.

Meisterernst, B. (2016). The syntax of aspect-temporal adverbs from late archaic to early medieval Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 25(2), 143-181.

Meisterernst, B. (2019). A new approach on the modal KE 可 and the relation between the aspectual and the modal system in Archaic Chinese. In B. Meisterernst (ed.), New perspectives on Aspect and Modality in Chinese Historical Linguistics, Frontiers in Chinese Linguistics, 159-189. Springer & Peking University Press.

Meisterernst, B. (2020). Possibility and Necessity and the Scope of Negation in Early Middle Chinese. International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 7(1), 1-44.

Meisterernst, B. (2023). The loss of morphology and the emergence of analytical structures in Chinese. Journal of Historical Syntax 7, 1-55.

Montrul, S. (1999). Causative errors with unaccusative verbs in L2 Spanish. Second Language Research, 15, 191-219.

Mourletaos, A. P. D. (1978). Events, Processes and States. Linguistics and Philosophy 2, 415-434.

Norman, J. (1988). Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Packard, J. (1998). Introduction. In J. Packard (ed.), New Approaches to Chinese Word Formation. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 3-34.

Packard, J. (2000). The Morphology of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.

Pinker, S. (1989). Learnability and Cognition: The Acquisition of Argument Structure. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.

Pustejovsky, J. (1995). The Generative Lexicon. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Ramchand, G. C. (1997). Aspect and predication: The semantics of argument structure. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Ramchand, G. C. (2008). Verb Meaning and the Lexicon: A First-Phase Syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ramchand, G. C. and P. Svenonius. (2002). The lexical syntax and lexical semantics of the verb-particle construction. In Proceedings of the WCCFL. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.

Rappaport Hovav, M. and B. Levin. (1998). Building verb meaning. In M. Butt & W. Geuder (eds.), The Projection of Arguments: Lexical and Compositional Factors. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications, 97-134.

Rispoli, M. (2019). The Sequential Unfolding of First Phase Syntax: Tutorial and Applications to Development. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, 693-705.

Ritter, E. and S. T. Rosen. (2000). Event structure and ergativity. In J. Pustejovsky and C. Tenny (eds.) Events as Grammatical Objects. Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information, 187-238.

Romanova, E. (2006). Perfectivity in Russian. PhD. Dissertation. University of Tromso.

Rothstein, S. (2004). Structuring Events: An Essay on the Semantics of Lexical Aspect. Oxford: Blackwell.

Ryle, G. (1949). The Concept of Mind. Barnes and Noble. London.

Shi, Y. Z. (2002). The Establishment of Modern Chinese Grammar. The
Formation of the Resultative Construction and Its Effects. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Shibagaki, R. (2009). Affected Roles and Linking in Mandarin Resultatives. In J. Brooke et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on East Asian Linguistics. Simon Fraser University Working Papers in Linguistics 2.

Slobin, D. I. (1996). Two Ways to Travel: Verbs of Motion in English and Spanish. In Grammatical Constructions: Their Form and Meaning, ed.
Masayoshi Shibatani and Sandra A. Thompson. 195-219. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.

Smith, C. S. (1991). The Parameter of Aspect. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher.

Smith, C. S. (1995). The Parameter of Aspect. Studies in linguistics and philosophy; 43, Dordrecht: Kluwer, revised edition.

Soh, Hooi Ling, and Jenny Y.-C. Kuo. (2005). Perfective Aspect and
Accomplishment Situations in Mandarin Chinese. In van Hout, Angeliek, de Swart, Henriette & Verkuyl, Henk (eds.), Perspectives on Aspect, 199-216. Dordrecht: Springer.

Svenonius, P. (1994). Dependent nexus: Subordinate predication structures in English and the Scandinavian languages. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California-Santa Cruz.

Sybesma, R. (1992). Causatives and Accomplishments. PhD. Dissertation. Leiden University.

Sybesma, R. (1997). Why Chinese verb-le is a resultative predicate. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 6 (3):215-261.

Sybesma, R. (1999). The Mandarin VP. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer.

Tai, J. H. Y. (1984). Verbs and Times in Chinese: Vendler’s four categories. In D. Testen, V. Mishra & J. Drogo (eds.), Papers from the Parasession on Lexical Semantics. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.

Talmy, L. (1975). Semantics and Syntax of Motion. In Syntax and Semantics 4, ed. J. P. Kimball. 181-238. New York: Academic Press.

Talmy, L. (1985). Lexicalization Patterns: Semantic Structure in Lexical Forms. In Language Typology and Semantic Description 3: Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon, ed. Timothy Shopen. 57-149. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Talmy, L. (1991). Path to Realization—via Aspect and Result. In Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 480-519.

Tenny, C. (1994). Aspectual Roles and the Syntax-Semantics Interface.
Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Travis, L. (1994). Event phase and a theory of functional categories. In P. Koskinen (ed.), Proceedings of the 1994 Annual Conference of the Canadian Linguistic Association, Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics, Toronto.

Travis, L. (1996). The syntax of achievements. In Katherine Crosswhite (ed.), AFLA III, UCLA.

Travis, L. (2000). Event structure in syntax. In C. Tenny and J. Pustejovsky (eds.), Events as grammatical objects: The converging perspectives of lexical semantics and syntax. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications, 145-185.

Travis, L. (2010). Inner Aspect: The Articulation of VP. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Tsai, W.-T. (2015). A Tale of Two Peripheries: Evidence from Chinese
adverbials, light verbs, applicatives, and object fronting. In The Cartography of Chinese Syntax, ed. Wei-Tian Dylan Tsai, 1-32. New York: Oxford University Press.

Tsai, W.-T. (2021). Wh & Self: On Correlating Wh-conditionals and Reflexive Doubling. NYU Syntax Brown Bag Talk, New York University, March 2021.

Uesaka, M. (1996). The “te-i-ru” Construction in Japanese: Interaction between Aspect and Syntax. MA Thesis. McGill University.

van Voorst, J. (1988). Event Structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Varela, S. (1990). Fundamentos de morfologia. Madrid: Sintesis.

Vendler, Z. (1957). Verbs and Times. Philosophical Review 56, 143-160.

Verkuyl, (1993). A Theory of Aspectuality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wang, L. (1987). Contemporary Chinese Syntax. Taipei: Lan Deng (Taiwan
reprint).

Wei, T.-C. and Y.-H. Li. (2016). How to do so in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 25, 183-212.

Wienold, G. (1995). Lexical and Conceptual Structures in Expressions for Movement and Space: With Reference to Japanese, Korean, Thai, and
Indonesian as Compared to English and German. In Lexical Knowledge in
the Organization of Language, eds. Urs Egli, Peter E. Pause, Christoph
Schwarse, Arnim von Stechow, and Gotz Wienold. 301-340. Amsterdam:
John Benjamins.

Williams, E. (1981). On the notions ‘lexically related’ and ‘head of a word'. Linguistic Inquiry 12, 245-274.

Zhu, D. (1982). Yufa jiangyi [Lectures on grammar]. Beijing: Commercial Press.