本研究旨在探討台灣華語中不存在的音節所引發之事件相關電位(event-related potential)。在漢語音節是由音段和聲調構成的假設之下，我檢視了兩類假定的音節：(一)音段缺罅(segmental gaps)，即音段部分不管和哪一種聲調結合都不存在的組合，例如：*[ki1]、*[ki2]、*[ki3]、*[ki4]等；(二)聲調缺罅(tonal gaps)，亦即換成其他聲調後可能存在的組合，例如：*[tau2](換成一聲後可變成實際存在的「刀」[tau1])。此外，我做了兩個運用不同任務的實驗，以探索音位組合限制的處理(phonotactic processing)是否取決於任務的類型。在實驗一中，受試者被動地聆聽關鍵刺激項。在約345毫秒時，聲調缺罅所造成的N2-P3複合成分(N2-P3 complex)的電位較音段缺罅和真詞所造成的電位為負。在實驗二中，受試者則是執行詞彙判斷任務(lexical decision task)，此時音段缺罅所造成的晚期正向複合成分(late positive complex)的電位較其他類型的刺激項所造成的電位為負。這些結果顯示，在語音感知中，聲調和音段的資訊有不同的處理方式，而且相關的腦部反應取決於實驗時進行的任務。本文也討論了這些結果對於口語詞彙辨識(spoken word recognition)模型的理論意義，以及潛在的跨語言差異對實驗結果的影響。

This study investigates the event-related potentials evoked by nonexistent syllables in Taiwanese Mandarin. Under the assumption that a Mandarin syllable is comprised of segments and a lexical tone, two types of hypothetical syllables were examined: (1) segmental gaps, or combinations that are unattested regardless of their associated lexical tones (e.g., *[ki1], *[ki2], *[ki3], *[ki4]); and (2) tonal gaps, combinations that are unattested with certain lexical tones but not others (e.g., *[tau2]; cf. [tau1] ‘knife’). In addition, two experiments using different tasks were conducted to explore the task dependency of phonotactic processing. In Experiment 1, participants listened to the critical stimuli passively. The voltage of the N2-P3 complex around 345 ms was more negative for tonal gaps than segmental gaps and real words. On the other hand, when participants performed a lexical decision task in Experiment 2, the voltage of the late positive complex was more positive for segmental gaps than the other types of stimuli. These results suggest that tonal and segmental information are processed differently in speech perception and that the brain responses depend on the nature of the experimental task. Implications for competing models of spoken word recognition and potential cross-linguistic differences are also discussed.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
誌謝辭 iii
Table of contents iv
List of tables vi
List of figures vii
List of formulae viii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Backgrounds 6
2.1 Mandarin syllable gaps 7
2.1.1 Classification of syllable gaps 8
2.1.2 Phonetic and phonological properties 13
2.2 Tones and segments in spoken Mandarin 18
2.2.1 Relative functional weight 19
2.2.2 Relative timing 21
2.2.3 Integration of tones and segments 25
2.3 Electrophysiological correlates of phonotactic processing 26
2.3.1 Categorical phonotactics 26
2.3.1.1 Violation paradigm 26
2.3.1.2 MMN paradigm 31
2.3.2 Probabilistic phonotactics 33
2.4 Research questions of the current study 38
Chapter 3 Experiment 1 (Go/No-Go task) 41
3.1 Method 41
3.1.1 Participants 41
3.1.2 Materials 42
3.1.3 Procedure 44
3.1.4 EEG acquisition 45
3.1.5 Data preprocessing 46
3.2 Results 47
3.2.1 Behavioral data 48
3.2.2 ERP data 48
3.2.2.1 Overview 48
3.2.2.2 Waveform analysis 50
3.2.2.3 Topographic analysis 52
3.3 Discussion 53
Chapter 4 Experiment 2 (lexical decision task) 58
4.1 Method 58
4.1.1 Participants 58
4.1.2 Materials 58
4.1.3 Procedure 59
4.1.4 Data acquisition and preprocessing 59
4.2 Results 60
4.2.1 Behavioral data 60
4.2.2 ERP data 65
4.2.2.1 Overview 65
4.2.2.2 Waveform analysis 67
4.2.2.3 Topographic analysis 68
4.3 Discussion 72
Chapter 5 Task comparisons and general discussion 77
5.1 Comparison of ERP responses across tasks 77
5.2 General discussion 79
5.2.1 Task dependency of auditory speech processing 79
5.2.2 Cross-linguistic differences and universal 82
5.2.3 Implications for models of spoken word recognition 84
5.2.4 Current limitations and future directions 86
Chapter 6 Conclusion 89
References 91
Appendix A List of stimuli 101
Appendix B Questionnaire of language background and experience 102

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