近年來，超材料的基本特性發展已經逐漸飽和，越來越多團隊逐漸轉向如光偵測器、感測器、超材料透鏡以及天線等實際應用，且以可見光、微波及射頻為主，在紅外線波段的應用相當稀少，較為常見的僅有利用超材料製作吸收體以及黑體。其原因主要受限於製作紅外線波段超材料主要需要使用微影鍍膜方式製作，在僅有單層平面的超材料的情況下，電磁波與超材料的交互作用相當有限。也因為受限於製作平面超材料的關係，在紅外線波段超材料的基本特性的研究相較其他波段稀少許多。故本作利用金屬應力自組法製作三維共振器，藉由雙裂環共振器可降低電響應之特性，利用高密度堆疊增強共振器磁響應，並在垂直入射情況下達成零磁導係數以及負磁導係數。同時也定量地比較立體及平面結構在與電磁波耦合之特性，證明立體結構在磁響應共振上可比平面結構有1至3個級距的提升。在應用相關的研究上，我們利用立體超材料可在空間設計結構的特性，製作了輻射角度可控的超材料天線，以及具指向性的超材料完美吸收體以及完美放光體。在輻射角度可控的超材料中，我們利用對稱以及非對稱的裂環共振器，藉控制裂環角度來調控電偶極方向使得輻射方向隨之改變，並藉由單裂環以及雙裂環不同的極矩干涉，使得利用此方式設計的天線可達成在立體面上達成0至180的全角度調控。我們也利用電偶極及電四極的干涉，製作在反射方向無散射的完美吸收體，並利用加熱超材料方式製做完高指向性完美放光體，並藉由對稱性以及混成的結構設計，我們可達到具極化等向性/異向性、單波段/多波段、高指向性的完美吸收體及發光體。
在本論文所述之原創研究中，我們是第一組利用以實驗證明強磁共振以及負磁導係數關係，也是第一組利用立體超材料的磁矩控制來達成輻射角度控制，也是首次完美放光體的角度放光來驗證超材料完美吸收體的超材料散射特性的團隊，可望對於後續研究超材料散射特性研究以及其相關應用具有舉足輕重的地位。

In recent years, the development of the fundamental properties of the metamaterials have been well developed, more and more groups are gradually turning to practical applications such as photodetectors, sensors, metasurfaces, and antennas, mainly focusing on visible light, microwave and radio frequency. The application of the infrared band is quite rare, and the only common ones are the use of metamaterials to make absorbers and emitters. The reason for this is mainly due to the fact that the fabrication of metamaterials in the infrared region, which requires the use of lithography and coating. In the case of the planner metamaterials with single layer, the interaction between electromagnetic waves and metamaterials is quite weak. Also because of the fabrication limitation, the research on the basic properties of planner metamaterials in the infrared band is much rarer than in other bands. Therefore, this work uses the metal-stress driven self-folding method to fabricate three-dimensional metamaterials. We present the vertical double split-ring resonators to reduce the electric response, and use high-density stacking to enhance the magnetic response of the resonator, and achieve zero permeability and negative permeability under normal incidence. At the same time, the coupling properties between the normal incident light and the three-dimensional and planar structures are also quantitatively compared. Our results show that the three-dimensional structure has 1 to 3 orders enhancement in the magnetic response compared with the planar structure. In application-related research, we provide solutions for angular reconfiguration, directional metamaterial perfect absorber, and perfect emitter. In angular reconfigurable metamaterials, we use symmetric and asymmetric split-ring resonators to control the direction of the electric dipole by controlling the split angle to change the radiation direction accordingly. Different dipole moment interference enables the antenna to achieve full-angular control from 0o to 180o in vertical direction. We also make use of the interference of electric dipoles and electric quadrupoles to design a perfect absorber whose scattering in the reflection direction is near zero. Moreover, we heat up the metamaterial to make the perfect absorber into highly directive perfect emitter. Through the symmetric/asymmetric and hybrid structures design, we can achieve polarization isotropic / anisotropic, single-band/multi-band, and high directivity perfect absorbers and emitters.
In the original researches described in this thesis, we are the first group to unveil the relationship between strong magnetic resonance and negative permeability, and the first group to control the electric dipole vectors of three-dimensional metamaterials to achieve radiation angular reconfiguration. Moreover, with the equality of the spectral directional in emissivity and absorption, we first realize the perfect absorption scattering properties with the perfect emitter. We believe our effort in three-dimensional metamaterials could pave a way for the follow-up study of metamaterial scattering properties, such as chirality, toroidal, and anapole, and the related applications in molecule sensing, color routing, photodetector, light source, metasurfaces, and waveplates in MIR region.

Abstract ii
摘要 iv
致謝 v
Content vii
Chapter 1: Introduction and thesis statements 1
1.1 Metamaterial 1
1.2 Artificial magnetism 3
1.3 From two-dimensional to three-dimensional metamaterials 6
1.4 Scattering direction control with nanoantenna 8
1.5 Perfect absorber 12
1.6 Thesis statements 15
Chapter 2: Fabrication process and analytical framework 19
2.1 The metal-stress self-folding method 19
2.2 Bianisotropy retrieval method 20
2.3 Multipole decomposition 22
2.4 The Kerker condition and the generalized Kerker condition 23
2.5 Optical properties characterization 26
Chapter 3: Achieve artificial magnetism under normal incidence 30
3.1 Introduction 30
3.2 Observation of the magnetic response in DSRRs 31
3.3 Macro-scale: origin of negative permeability with DSRRs 35
3.4 Micro-scale: strong magnetic response with normal incidence in 3D geometry 37
3.5 Conclusion 42
Chapter 4: Angular reconfiguration 43
4.1 Introduction 43
4.2 Motivation and Design 45
4.3 Optical properties characterization 48
4.4 Substrate effect 50
4.5 Connecting the transmittance and reflectance with the analytical far-field radiation 52
4.6 Extract scattering direction 55
4.7 Conclusion 59
Chapter 5: High directive metamaterials perfect absorber and perfect emitter 61
5.1 Introduction 61
5.2 Origin and design of the vertical metamaterial perfect absorber and emitter 62
5.3 Experimentally verify the perfect absorption and angular dispersion and achieve polarization insensitive 69
5.4 Emissivity characterization under straight direction 74
5.5 Examine the generalized Kerker condition and retrieve the scattering pattern by emission 78
5.6 Conclusion 82
Chapter 6: Summary and Outlook 83
Chapter 7: Reference 97

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