開發具有刺激響應和多種治療方式的奈米材料逐漸成為用於癌症治療的主要策略。本研究透過金屬配位交聯合成具有穀胱甘肽及光熱雙重應答性之高分子奈米殼層 (metal-crosslinking polymeric nanoshell, MPNS) 並開發作為藥物傳輸系統，用於化療、化學動力治療及光熱治療之合併治療，透過聚多巴胺 （polydopamine）和聚丙烯酸（polyacrylic acid）與鐵離子產生配位的方式，高分子奈米殼層可成功的分散並穩定於生理條件下，並將化療藥物小紅莓 (Doxorubicine, Dox) 透過與鐵離子螯合和π-π作用力高效率的載負於高分子奈米殼層中。由於腫瘤細胞過量表現穀胱甘肽可與高分子奈米殼層中的鐵離子進行配位競爭及氧化還原反應，使鐵離子及化療藥物釋出，並通過亞鐵離子誘導細胞內芬頓反應 (Fenton reaction) 產生高毒性活性氧類 (Reactive oxygen species, ROS) 和Dox產生的藥理作用，可有效誘導腫瘤細胞凋亡；另外利用近紅外光(Near-infrared ray NIR)雷射照射高分子奈米殼層，可使其產生光熱效應誘導周邊組織升溫，破壞腫瘤細胞並增強化療藥物釋放加速腫瘤細胞死亡。化療、化學動力治療及光熱治療之合併治療於治療中表現出良好的治療效果，與單獨的化學療法或光熱療法相比，其可大幅改善癌症單一治療之療效。總體而言，高分子奈米殼層提供一項新的策略用於癌症治療。

Development of nanomaterials with stimuli-responsive and multiple therapeutic modalities has gradually become a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Herein, the coordination-based metal-crosslinking polymeric nanoshell (MPNS) was introduced for the design of a glutathione (GSH) and photothermal dual responsive drug delivery system for combine chemo therapy (CT) / chemodynamic therapy (CDT) / photothermal therapy (PTT) therapy. In MPNS, ferric ion plays a crucial role to connect polydopamine (PDA) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) and makes the structure stable in the physiologic conditions. The chemo drug doxorubicin (Dox) was selected as a model drug which having some metal ion binding domain and an aromatic rich structure. Dox was successfully loading on to the drug carrier with high payload and forming the MPNSD through metal chelating and π-π interaction. Owing to the overproduction of glutathione in the tumor cells, Dox was released through the extraction and reduction of ferric ion by endogenous GSH. Enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced via ferrous-ion mediated Fenton reaction is associated with the chemo effect induced by Dox, leading tumor cell to an efficient apoptotic cell death. Additionally, in response to NIR laser irradiation, the photo induce hyperthermia can also damage the tumor cells and enhances the release of Dox to accelerating more cell death. The combination of CT/CDT/PTT therapy strategy exhibited an additive effect that allows an improved cancer-treatment than chemotherapy or photothermal therapy alone. Overall, MPNS showing the ability to generate ROS, providing a new avenue for therapeutic improvement in combination with other anticancer treatments.

Table of contents
ABSTRACT I
TABLE OF CONTENTS III
LIST OF FIGURES VII
LIST OF TABLES IX
1-1. CANCER 1
1-1-1. Cancer 1
1-2. NANOMATERIALS TOWARD CANCER TREATMENT 2
1-2-1. Nanomaterials 2
1-2-2. Nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and therapy 3
1-2-3. Stimulate response drug delivery system 4
1-3. METAL-PHENOLIC-NETWORK AND CHEMODYNAMIC THERAPY 7
1-3-1. polyphenol 7
1-3-2. Metal-phenolic-network 7
1-3-3. Chemodynamic therapy 9
1-4. RESEARCH MOTIVE 11
CHAPTER 2. EXPERIMENTS AND METHOD 12
2-1. CHEMICALS AND INSTRUMENTS 12
2-1-1. Chemicals 12
2-1-2. Cell culture 13
2-1-3. Instrument information 13
2-2. SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DRUG-LOADED METAL-CROSS-LINKING POLYMERIC NANOSHELL (MPNSD) 14
2-2-1. Synthesis of MPNS and MPNSD 14
2-2-2. Drug loading efficiency of MPNSD 15
2-2-3. Glutathione and photothermal responsiveness 15
2-2-4. Identification of ROS generation from MPNS and MPNSD 16
2-2-5. Catalytic activity of MPNS and MPNSD 17
2-2-7. Cytotoxicity assay of MPNS and MPNSD toward different cell lines 17
2-2-8. Fluorescence microscopy 18
CHAPTER 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 19
3-1. CHARACTERIZATIONS OF MPNS AND MPNSD 19
3-3-1. Synthesis of MPNS and MPNSD 19
3-1-1. Characterize of MPNS and MPNSD 20
3-2. STIMULATED RESPONSE OF MPNS 22
3-2-1. Glutathione response 22
3-2-2. Photothermal response 23
3-3. CATALYST AND ROS GENERATION PROPERTY OF MPNS 24
3-4. IN VITRO TEST OF MPNS 25
3-4-1. Cellular uptake and distribution 25
3-4-2. Intracellular GSH and photothermal response 25
3-4-3. Intracellular ROS damage from MPNS and MPNSD 26
3-4-4. MPNSD-based combination therapy in combating cancer 28
CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSION 30
FIGURE AND TABLE 31
FIGURE 1. REPRESENTS THE COMMONLY USED NANOMATERIALS. 31
FIGURE 2. THE PHOTOTHERMAL HEATING OF GOLD NRS 31
FIGURE 3 SCHEME OF QUANTUM CONFINEMENT EFFECT 32
FIGURE 4 SCHEME ILLUSTRATES THE EPR EFFECT IN THE TUMOR SITE 33
FIGURE 5. ASSEMBLY STEPS FOR SIRNA/PEI/PAH-CIT/AUNP-CS COMPLEXES AND PH-RESPONSIVE RELEASE OF SIRNA 33
FIGURE 6. THE SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATE THAT THE DESIGN CONCEPT OF DOXORUBICIN (DOX)-TETHERED RESPONSIVE GOLD NANOPARTICLES (DOX-HYD@AUNPS) AND THE ACTUATION MECHANISM AFTER IT IS INTERNALIZED TO THE CANCER CELLS 34
FIGURE 7. SCHEME REPRESENTING THE PT (IV) PRODRUG, DIACID CIS, CIS,TRANS-DIAMINEDICHLORODISUCCINATO-PLATINUM (DSP) IN RESPONSE TO THE INTRACELLULAR REDUCTANT AND CONVERT TO THE ACTIVE DRUG, CISPLATIN 34
FIGURE 8. THE SCHEME ILLUSTRATE THE MNO2 IN RESPONSE TO THE ELEVATE GSH LEVEL 35
FIGURE 9. DIFFERENT COORDINATION EXTENTS OF THE FERRIC ION WITH TANNIC ACID UNDER DIFFERENT PH VALUE 35
FIGURE 11. SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION FOR THE FORMATION OF NP FE3+-TA RPS FOR THE FORMATION OF CHEMICALLY GENERATED MICROBUBBLES (MBS) TO PROBE H2O2 EX VIVO AND IN VIVO BY ULTRASOUND (US) IMAGING 36
FIGURE 12 FORMULATION OF DPPF NPS AND THE ROS ENHANCED CHEMOTHERAPY MECHANISM 37
FIGURE 13 SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FUNCTION OF CS-MOFS AND ITS MEDIATED CDT EFFECT 37
FIGURE 14. ACTIVATABLE SINGLET OXYGEN GENERATION THROUGH A BIOCHEMICAL REACTION BETWEEN LAHP AND CATALYTIC FERROUS IONS BY THE RUSSELL MECHANISM 38
FIGURE 15. SCHEMATIC OF THE SYNTHESIS AND DRUG LOADING PROCESS OF THE MPNSD 38
FIGURE 16 TEM CHARACTERIZE OF MPNS AND MPNSD 39
FIGURE 17. THE POWDER XRD PATTERN OF ACC NPS REPRESENTING NO OBVIOUS PEAK IN WHOLE SPECTRUM 40
FIGURE 18 ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF NPS IN DIFFERENT FORMULA IN THE SYNTHETIC STEP 40
FIGURE 19. THE OPTIMIZED OF THE SYNTHESIS CONDITION 41
FIGURE 20. THE ABSORPTION AND FLUORESCENCE CHARACTERIZE OF MPNS AND MPNSD 42
FIGURE 21. THE STIMULI-RESPONSE OF MPNSD 43
FIGURE 22 MB DISCOLORATION EXPERIMENTS OF MPNS AND MPNSD 44
FIGURE 23. THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYST OF THE HYDROXYL RADICAL GENERATED FROM MPNS AND MPNSD BY 2-HYDROXYTEREPHTHALIC ACID 45
FIGURE 24. THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYST OF THE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE GENERATED FROM MPNS AND MPNSD BY AUR/HRP ASSAY 46
FIGURE 25. THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYST OF THE SUPEROXIDE GENERATED FROM MPNS AND MPNSD BY XTT REAGENT 47
FIGURE 26. THE CELLULAR UPTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION OF MPNSD IN TRAMPC1 CELLS 48
FIGURE 27. THE INTRACELLULAR GSH RESPONSE OF MPNSD 49
FIGURE 28. PHOTOTHERMAL TRIGGER DRUG RELEASE OF MPNSD IN TRAMPC1 CELLS 50
FIGURE 29. ROS INDUCE TOXICITY OF MPNS AND MPNSD TOWARD THE TRAMPC1 CELLS 51
FIGURE 30. THE CELL APOPTOSIS ASSAY OF THE MPNS AND MPNSD TOWARD THE BSO PRETREATED TRAMPC1 CELLS 52
FIGURE 31 CDT EFFECT OF MPNS AND MPNSD 53
FIGURE 32. CYTOTOXICITY EFFECT OF MPNS, MPNSD AND DOX TOWARD THE DIFFERENT CELLS 54
FIGURE 33 COMBINED-THERAPEUTIC EFFECT TOWARD TRAMPC1 CELLS 55
FIGURE 34. CELL APOPTOSIS ASSAY OF COMBINED THERAPY 56
FIGURE 35. FLUORESCENCE IMAGES OF THE LIVE AND DEAD CALCIUM AM / PI STAINED TRAMPC1 CELLS UNDER THE DIFFERENT TREATMENTS AFTER 6H INCUBATION, AS INDICATED 57
Table 1. The common design of acid-labile chemical bonds and their degradation products 57
Table 2. The common design of ROS sensitive linkers and their oxidation-reduction products 58
Table 3. Common used of the disulfide linker for the design of the redox sensitive drug delivery system 59
Table 4. Recently reports of metal phenolic network with different formula and their application 60
Table 5. Dynamic laser scattering and Zeta potential analyst of each product in the synthetic step, respectively 61
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