世界貿易組織之爭端解決程序，就其在多邊貿易體下所扮演之角色，一直以來享有「皇冠上的寶石」之盛名，即整體機制而言，基本上達成令人滿意之運作結果。然而，從1995年「爭端解決規則與程序瞭解書」（DSU）正式生效，而創建現有之爭端解決機制至今，陸續有來自官方、學界、實務界等提出許多關於爭端解決程序改革之聲浪，其中不乏涉及與時間規範議題相關者，可見時間規範對於爭端解決程序之重要性。但整體而言，關於WTO爭端解決程序之時間規範革新，現有議題及討論多以微觀之方式，探討個別爭端解決程序於「事後」之運作情形。而本文則試圖以巨觀之方式，聚焦於WTO爭端解決程序「事前」之系統性時間規範研究。

本文首先以時間規範扮演輔助「法制化」之「明確性」為基礎，依序依據「是否訂有時間規範」、「時點是否特定」、「是否有時間規範的授權規定」等三個標準，建構出高度、中度、低度及無時間規範程度之四類不同時間規範程度，並以時間之功能性及國際政治因素，建構其相應之時間規範理論。其次，本文將該時間規範理論進一步運用於WTO爭端解決程序之時間架構分析，主張即使法律上之時間規範不完全符合實務上之時間操作情形，仍能經由時間之功能性或國際政治上之原因，發揮其時間規範效益。最後，有鑑於WTO爭端解決程序從GATT到WTO時代之「法制化」進程，本文認為時間規範在爭端解決程序演進過程中扮演不可或缺之關鍵性角色，一旦有不適宜之時間規範設計，將可能導致WTO爭端解決程序「去法制化」之現象。

The WTO dispute settlement mechanism has served the multilateral trading system well since the founding of the organization, and has earned a reputation as the “crown jewel” of the WTO. Yet numerous proposals have been tabled by WTO Members, academics, and practitioners, which aim to reform the dispute settlement mechanism in diverse ways. In particular, many proposals touch upon temporal issues in different stages of the dispute settlement proceeding, which demonstrates the crucial role “time” plays in the system. However, most of the existing literature merely focuses on analyzing the time frame ex post in certain stages of the proceedings from a microscopic perspective. To fill this gap in legal scholarship, this Thesis examines and theorizes the temporal regulation ex ante of the WTO dispute settlement procedures from a macroscopic perspective.

This Thesis provides a detailed examination of the temporal rules under the DSU that facilitating the legalization of the system. It first establishes three fundamental standards (with or without regulation, precision, and delegation) to categorize four different degrees (extensive, moderate, limited, and no regulation) of the temporal requirements in order to foster a temporal theory on the basis of functional and political concerns. The Thesis further applies the temporal theory to the various stages of DSU proceedings and evaluates how temporal rules contribute to the legalization of the DSU. The Thesis argues that the temporal regulation plays a crucial role in the legalization of the WTO dispute settlement, and that improper designs of temporal rules weaken the WTO dispute settlement procedures.

摘要 i
ABSTRACT ii
謝辭 iii
目錄 v
圖表目錄 viii
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究目的 1
第二節 文獻回顧 6
第三節 研究方法 9
第四節 研究範圍與架構 10
第二章 時間規範理論建構 13
第一節 高度時間規範：架構性質取向 23
第一項 分配功能 23
第二項 同步化功能 24
第三項 規律化功能 25
第四項 質地化功能 25
第二節 中度時間規範：國際政治取向 26
第一項 自身誘因 27
第二項 外界誘因 28
第三節 低度時間規範：國際政治取向 31
第一項 自身誘因 32
第二項 外界誘因 33
第四節 無時間規範 34
第一項 消極未設有時間規範 34
第二項 積極以「任何時間」為時間規範 37
第五節 小結 38
第三章 爭端解決程序及其時間規範 41
第一節 諮商程序 42
第一項 法律上之時間規範 45
第二項 實務上之時間操作 47
第二節 爭端解決小組與上訴程序 47
第一項 法律上之時間規範 50
第二項 實務上之時間操作 52
第三節 建議與裁決之執行程序 54
第一項 法律上之時間規範 55
第二項 實務上之時間操作 56
第四節 小結 57
第四章 爭端解決程序時間架構分析 59
第一節 高度時間規範：五個關鍵性時點 60
第一項 分配功能 63
第二項 同步化功能 65
第三項 規律化功能 66
第四項 質地化功能 67
第二節 中度時間規範：「立即遵行」 68
第一項 自身誘因 70
第二項 外界誘因 71
第三節 低度時間規範：「合理期間」 74
第一項 自身誘因 75
第二項 外界誘因 77
第四節 無時間規範 78
第一項 消極未設有時間規範：證據提交 78
第二項 積極以「任何時間」為時間規範：上訴撤回 80
第五節 小結 81
第五章 從時間規範理論檢視爭端解決程序之整體設計 85
第一節 從GATT到WTO：爭端解決程序「法制化」進程 87
第二節 時間規範扮演爭端解決程序「法制化」之關鍵角色 93
第一項 低度法制化諮商程序採取無時間規範；
高度法制化小組與上訴程序採取高度時間規範 95
第二項 高度法制化裁決報告採取高度時間規範 96
第三項 中度法制化小組成員及高度法制化上訴機構成員
採取高度時間規範 96
第四項 低度法制化僅限會員近用採取無時間規範 97
第五項 中度法制化補償及報復採取中度及低度時間規範 98
第三節 不適宜之時間規範導致爭端解決程序之「去法制化」 100
第四節 實務操作結果不阻礙「事前」法定時間規範 107
第一項 上訴機構違反審查期限
不影響「事前」以九十日為高度時間規範 108
第二項 上訴機構成員任期屆滿續行職務
不影響「事前」以四年為高度時間規範 109
第五節 小結 111
第六章 結論 113
參考文獻 115

一、中文文獻
1. 專書
葉至誠、葉立誠，研究方法與論文寫作，商鼎出版社，三版，2011年。
羅昌發，國際貿易法，元照出版，二版，2010年。
哈拉瑞著，林俊宏譯，人類大歷史：從野獸到扮演上帝，遠見天下文化出版，2014年。
2. 期刊論文
王耀誠、蘇郁珊，上訴機構成員選任制度之問題與展望，經貿法訊，第169期，2014年12月，28-35頁。
邱彥禎、蘇郁珊，從美國與印尼丁香菸貿易爭端案之發展檢視WTO爭端解決制度之潛在問題，經貿法訊，第171期，2015年1月，14-22頁。
3. 網路資源
二二八事件紀念基金會，二二八事件介紹，參考網址：http://www.228.org.tw/228_overview.html (最後瀏覽日期: 2018年7月24日)。
香港《噪音管制條例》，參考網址: https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap400!zh-Hant-HK.assist.pdf (最後瀏覽日期: 2018年7月24日)。
陳婉明，噪音的管制適用於任何時間，法周刊，2017年6月12日，參考網址: http://solicitor.com.hk/%E5%B8%B8%E8%AD%98/%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E8%BE%AF%E8%AD%B7/%E5%99%AA%E9%9F%B3%E7%9A%84%E7%AE%A1%E5%88%B6%E9%81%A9%E7%94%A8%E6%96%BC%E4%BB%BB%E4%BD%95%E6%99%82%E9%96%93/ (最後瀏覽日期: 2018年7月24日)。
經濟部國際貿易局，認識世界貿易組織，參考網址: https://www.trade.gov.tw/cwto/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeID=337&pid=312886 (最後瀏覽日期: 2018年7月24日)。
二、外文文獻
1. Books
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SHAVELL STEVEN (2004), FOUNDATIONS OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAW, Harvard University Press.
VAN DEN BOSSCHE, PETER & ZDOUC, WERNER (2017), THE LAW AND POLICY OF THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION: TEXT, CASES, AND MATERIALS, Cambridge University Press, 4th Edition.
2. Articles
Abbott, Kenneth W. & Snidal, Duncan (2000), Hard and Soft Law in International Governance, 54 INT’L ORG. 421.
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Agon, Sivan Shlomo (2016), Is Compliance the Name of the Effectiveness Game? Goal-shifting and the Dynamics of Judicial Effectiveness at the WTO, 15(4) WORLD T. R. 671.
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Babu, R. Rajesh (2012), Remedies for Violations of WTO Law: The Misplaced Notion of Effectiveness, 7 ASIAN J. WTO & INT'L HEALTH L. & POL'Y 457.
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Castel, Jean-Gabriel (1989), The Uruguay Round and the Improvements to the GATT Dispute Settlement Rules and Procedures, 38(4) INT’L & COMP. L. Q. 834.
Colares, Juscelino F. (2011), The Limits of WTO Adjudication: Is Compliance the Problem?, 14 J. INT’L ECON. L. 403.
Crawford, Joann A. (2007), A New Transparency Mechanism for Regional Trade Agreements, 11 SING. Y. B. INT’L L. 133.
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Elsig, Manfred, et al. (2012), Dispute Settlement Mechanism—Analysis and Problems, in Daunton, Martin, et al. (ed.), THE OXFORD HANDBOOK ON THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, Oxford University Press.
Evans, David & De Tarso Pereira, Celso (2005), DSU Review: A View from the Inside, in Yerxa, Rufus & Wilson, Bruce (ed.), KEY ISSUES IN WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT: THE FIRST TEN YEARS, Cambridge University Press.
French, Rebecca R. (2001), Time in the Law, 72 U. COLO. L. REV. 663.
Fukunaga, Yuka (2006), Securing Compliance through the WTO Dispute Settlement System: Implementation of DSB Recommendations, 9 J. INT’L ECON. L. 383.
Gleason, Carolyn B. & Walther, Pamela D. (2000), The WTO Dispute Settlement Implementation Procedures: A System in Need of Reform, 31 LAW & POL’Y INT’L BUS. 709.
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Komuro, Norio (1995), The WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism: Coverage and Procedures of the WTO Understanding, 29 J. WORLD TRADE 5.
MacLean, Robert M. (2002), The Urgent Need to Reform the WTO's Dispute Settlement Process, 8 INT’L T. L. REV. 137.
Magnus, John (2005), Compliance with WTO Dispute Settlement Decisions: Is There a Crisis?, in Yerxa, Rufus & Wilson, Bruce (ed.), KEY ISSUES IN WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT: THE FIRST TEN YEARS, Cambridge University Press.
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Van den Bossche, Peter (2005), The Making of the “World Trade Court”: The Origins and Development of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization, in Yerxa, Rufus & Wilson, Bruce (ed.), KEY ISSUES IN WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT: THE FIRST TEN YEARS, Cambridge University Press.
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3. WTO Treaties
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 61 Stat. A5, 55 U.N.T.S. 187 (1947).
Understanding of the Balance-of-Payments Provisions of the GATT 1994 (1995), available at: https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/09-bops.pdf (Last Accessed: July 24, 2018).
Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes, 33 I.L.M. 1125 (1994).
Understanding Regarding Notification, Consultation, Dispute Settlement and Surveillance, GATT B. I. S. D. (26th Supp.), November 28, 1979.
4. GATT/WTO Cases
Appellate Body Report, Argentina—Measures Affecting Imports of Footwear, Textiles, Apparel and Other Items, WT/DS56/AB/R and Corr.1, April 22, 1998.
Appellate Body Report, EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones), WT/DS26/AB/R, WT/DS48/AB/R, February 13, 1998.
Appellate Body Report, European Communities—Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas, WT/DS27/AB/R, September 25, 1997.
Appellate Body Report, European Communities—Trade Description of Sardines, WT/DS231/AB/R, October 23, 2002.
Appellate Body Report, India – Quantitative Restrictions on Imports of Agricultural, Textile and Industrial Products, WT/DS90/AB/R, September 22, 1999.
Appellate Body Report, India—Measures Affecting the Automotive Sector, WT/DS146/AB/R, WT/DS175/AB/R, April 5, 2002.
Appellate Body Report, Mexico – Anti-Dumping Investigation of High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) from the United States – Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the United States, WT/DS132/AB/RW, November 21, 2001.
Appellate Body Report, Thailand—Customs and Fiscal Measures on Cigarettes from the Philippines, WT/DS371/AB/R, July 15, 2011.
Appellate Body Report, United States – Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Products from China, WT/DS449/AB/R and Corr.1, July 22, 2014.
Appellate Body Report, United States – Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes, WT/DS406/AB/R, April 24, 2012.
Decision by the Arbitrators, European Communities – Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas – Recourse to Arbitration by the European Communities under Article 22.6 of the DSU, WT/DS27/ARB, April 9, 1999.
GATT Panel Report, European Economic Community—Follow-Up on the Panel Report "Payments and Subsidies Paid to Processors and Producers of Oilseeds and Related Animal-Feed Proteins", DS28/R, March 31, 1992.
GATT Panel Report, European Economic Community—Payments and Subsidies Paid to Processors and Producers of Oilseeds and Related Animal Feed Proteins, L/6627, January 25, 1990.
Panel Report, Argentina—Measures Affecting Imports of Footwear, Textiles, Apparel and Other Items, WT/DS56/R, April 22, 1998.
Panel Report, United States – Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes, WT/DS406/R, April 24, 2012.
Panel Reports, China—Measures Related to the Exportation of Rare Earths, Tungsten, and Molybdenum, WT/DS431/R and Add.1 / WT/DS432/R and Add.1 / WT/DS433/R and Add.1, August 29, 2014.
4. WTO Documents
Appellate Body Appointments, WT/DSB/W/609/Rev.2, February 16, 2018.
Contribution of the European Communities and Its Member States to the Improvement of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding, TN/DS/W/1, March 13, 2002.
Contribution of the Republic of Korea to the Improvement of the Dispute Settlement Understanding of the WTO, TN/DS/W/11, July 11, 2002.
Decision on the Application and Review of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes, available at: https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/53-ddsu_e.htm (Last Accessed: July 24, 2018).
Establishment of the Appellate Body, WT/DSB/1, June 19, 1995.
Jordan’s Contributions towards the Improvement and Clarification of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding, TN/DS/W/43, January 28, 2003.
Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia, October 3, 2014, available at: https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/US%20Indo%20MOU.pdf (Last Accessed: July 24, 2018).
Notification of a Mutually Agreed Solution, United States—Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes (US – Clove Cigarettes), WT/DS407/17, October 9, 2014.
Request for Consultations by the Indonesia—United States, Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes, WT/DS406/1, April 14, 2010.
The Future of the WTO, Addressing Institutional Challenges in the New Millennium, Report by the Consultative Board to the Director-General Supachai Panitchpakdi, available at: http://archive.ipu.org/splz-e/wto-symp05/ future_WTO.pdf (Last Accessed: July 24, 2018).
Transparency Mechanism for Regional Trade Agreements—Decision of 14 December 2006, WTO Doc. WT/L/671, December 18, 2006.
Working Procedures for Appellate Review, WT/AB/WP/6, Auguest 16, 2010, available at: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/ab_e.htm (Last Accessed: July 24, 2018).
5. Websites
ACWL, available at: http://www.acwl.ch/ (Last Accessed: July 24, 2018).
ICTSD News Archive, WTO Members Intensify Debate Over Resolving Appellate Body Impasse, June 22, 2018, available at: https://www.ictsd.org/ bridges-news/bridges/news/wto-members-intensify-debate-over-resolving-appellate-body-impasse (Last Accessed: July 24, 2018).
Negotiations to improve dispute settlement procedures, available at: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_negs_e.htm (Last Accessed: July 24, 2018).
Third World Network Information Service on WTO and Trade Issues, US Continues to Block Appointment of New AB Members, April 3, 2018, available at: https://www.twn.my/title2/wto.info/2018/ti180401.htm (Last Accessed: July 24, 2018).
World Trade Organization, Understanding the WTO, available at: https://www.wto. org/ english/thewto_e/whatis_e/who_we_are_e.htm (Last Accessed: July 24, 2018).
World Trade Organization, United States – Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes, available at: https://www.wto.org/english/ Tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds406_e.htm (Last Accessed: July 24, 2018).
WorldTradeLaw.net LLC, Facts and Figures on WTO Dispute Settlement, available at: http://worldtradelaw.net/databases/basicfigures.php (Last Accessed: July 24, 2018).
WorldTradeLaw.net LLC, GATT Reports, available at: http://worldtradelaw.net/
WorldTradeLaw.net LLC, Timing of Referral, Composition, Issuance and Circulation of WTO Article 21.5 Panel Reports, available at: http://worldtradelaw.net/databases/paneltiming1.php (Last Accessed: July 24, 2018).