我們已知群眾外包是強大的收集資料方式之一. 隨著智慧城市概念的出現，公民也可以當作傳感器並參與感測任務. 但是若透過貨幣激勵的方式來吸引人來收集資料其所需付出的成本也視為一個問題; 因此，我們想通過遊戲化來代替它. 為了調查遊戲化對使用者的享受和參與有如何影響 我們做出來兩個APP, （i）普通APP（ii）遊戲化APP . 我們在NTHU校園進行了真正的使用者體驗實驗. 我們採用問卷來獲得使用者的感受與反應. 問卷包括（i）來自Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) 的7個問題，以評估參與者的享受，（ii）關於使用行為的4個問題，（iii）關於UI偏好的1個問題，以及（iv）1個待評論或其他反饋。 結果，我們對遊戲化APP收到了更多的積極正面的反饋。

We have learned that crowdsourcing is one of the powerful ways to collect sensory data in short period of time, broader coverage area, and at low expense. With the emerging of smart cities concept, the citizen can acts as sensor and participate in the sensing task. However, calculating how much to pay the crowd with monetary incentive is also seen as a problem; therefore, we wanted to substitute that by gamification. We have developed two versions of mobile crowdsourcing applications, (i) ordinary app and (ii) gamified app, to investigate how gamification affects user’s enjoyment and engagement. We have conducted real user study experiment in our NTHU campus. We use questionnaire to get feedback from the participants. The questionnaire includes (i) 7 questions from Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) to assess the participant’s enjoyment, (ii) 4 questions about usage behavior, (iii) 1 questionregarding UI preference, and (iv) 1 open question for comment or other feedback. As a result, we have received more positive feedback on gamified app.

1 Introduction
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.2 Research Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Thesis Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Related Work
2.1 Smart City Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Crowdsensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
2.3 Gamified Crowdsensing Application . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 Background
3.1 Gamification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 Common Game Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
3.3 Gamification and Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4 User Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
3.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4 Hypothesis
4.1 Research Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2 Hypothesis Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5 User Study Design Process
5.1 Mobile Application System Architecture . . . . . . . 14
5.2 Mobile Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2.1 Ordinary App . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.2.2 Gamified App . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.3 Experimental Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6 User Study Results Analysis
6.1 Basic Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6.2 Quantitative Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.3 Qualitative Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
6.4 Hypothesis Test Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
7 Conclusion and Future Work
7.1 Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.2 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
7.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
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