近年來多天線列陣系統技術逐漸發展，在下世代行動通訊(第五代行動通訊，5G)中，大規模多天線列陣也成為一項前景看好的技術。大量的天線單元提供了更多的天線增益，也讓波束成形技術有了發展機會。下世代通訊需要靈活適應的系統，來處理高傳輸速率、節能等需求，然而傳統的多天線系統較為僵硬，無法同時達成以上需求。在目前研究中，索引調變是一項受矚目多天線技術，相比於傳統的傳輸模式，它具有高能源效率以及靈活度，目前有幾種實行方向：空間調變、正交分頻多工索引調變以及波束索引空間調變。空間調變是以傳送天線作為索引，根據不同的輸入字元，使用不同的傳送天線組合，因此不同的傳送模式就能代表不同的字元；而交分頻多工索引調變以及波束索引空間調變則是分別以子載波和傳送波束作為索引。
本論文中，我們結合波束索引空間調變及正交分頻多工索引調變的特色，提出「波束-頻域索引調變」以及「差分波束-頻域索引調變」，此技術解決了傳統傳輸模式靈活度不足的問題，並且充分利用多天線通道的特性，拓展自由度。經過模擬及分析發現，此技術除了擁有高能量效率，在低調變階數時也有更好的頻譜效率，除此之外，也能讓使用者根據傳輸環境與需求，選擇適用的系統參數配置。

In recent years, multi-input multi-output(MIMO) antenna is becoming a important
wireless communication technology and several standard have incorporated MIMO technique
such as LTE and Wi-Fi. Massive MIMO is a MIMO system with large-scale antenna which
improves the scattering environment, spectral efficiency and the link reliability.
To exploit the advantage of massive MIMO, Index Modulation (IM) becomes a potential
scheme for the next generation communication system. Index Modulation (IM) improves
the energy efficiency and provides flexible system parameter to meet different application
demands. Spatial Modulation (SM) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-index
modulation (OFDM-IM) are two kind of IM. The former applies “index” in dimension of
antennas, and OFDM-IM is applied in dimension of subcarriers. We modify SM and combine
the features of OFDM-IM, beamforming technology and MIMO systems to propose IM
technologies named as “Bean-Frequency Index Modulation” (BFIM) and “Differential Bean-
Frequency Index Modulation” (D-BFIM).
We apply analysis of energy and spectral efficiency of BFIM scheme and compare the
bit error rate (BER) performance with conventional MIMO. Our results show that BFIM
and D-BFIM have a better energy efficiency, and have a good BER performance in the high
SNR region. To make a flexible system, we also provide a design rule for BFIM to choose
and meet the different requirements.

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Motivation and Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Prior Arts and Paper Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Proposed Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Thesis Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 BACKGROUNDS 5
2.1 Massive MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Generalized Spatial Modulation (GSM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Index Modulation (OFDM-IM) 7
2.4 Beam-Index Spatial Modulation (BISM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3 PROPOSED BEAM-FREQUENCY INDEX MODULATION (BFIM) 10
ii
3.1 System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2 Beam-Frequency Index Modulation (BFIM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3 BFIM Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4 Differential Beam-Frequency Index Modulation(D-BFIM) . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.5 BFIM with Maximum Likelihood (ML) Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4 SIMULATION RESULTS 21
4.1 Spectral and Energy Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2 Bit Error Rate (BER) Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5 CONCLUSIONS 28

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