鋰離子電池的發展已經有六十多年，雖然已有不少商業化的產品，但是該領域仍有相當多有潛力成為電極的材料值得開發。近年來科技的日新月異，需要高能量的電子產品逐漸增加，一般商業用的鋰離子電池大多採用碳材料作為陽極，然而其電容量不足以應用在電動車或太空科技等需要高能量密度的裝置上，因此開發新的陽極材料有其重要性。本研究成功的將磷化鋁應用在鋰離子電池之陽極，這是磷化鋁首次應用在鋰離子電池上。其中，磷化鋁通過高能球磨法從黑磷和鋁合成，而多壁碳納米管則替代炭黑作為導電劑以提高電池的性能。在此項研究中磷化鋁表現出極高的電容量和驚人的循環壽命。在0.1 C（0.185 A g-1）的充放電循環測試下的可逆容量可以達到1463 mA h g-1，並且在260次循環後仍具有80 ％的電容量。此外，在1 C （1.85 A g-1）的充放電循環測試下可以超過2000個循環並且保持650 mAh g-1以上的電容量。即使在0.5 C至10 C的快速階梯充放電循環測試中，磷化鋁的電池性能仍然保持穩定且可逆，這些測試說明了磷化鋁作為鋰離子電池的陽極材料是極度具有價值的，其效能和電容量都比傳統的碳材還要提升了不少。另外，藉由EIS測試、CV測試和Ex-situ SEM的照片，我們確認了循環前後的電池性能變化和電極的結構完整性，並沒有受到充放電太大的影響，進一步證實該電池的長壽命原因。最後，再透過組裝磷化鋁陽極和LiFePO4 (磷酸鋰鐵)陰極的鈕扣型和袋型全電池，測試該全電池的效能和點亮LED燈和驅動電子裝置以證明該項材料的確是具有實際應用價值的。

In this study, we report an unprecedented anode material, aluminum phosphide (AlP), with ultralong cyclability (>2000 cycles) and high specific capacity (1463 mA h g-1) for lithium ion batteries. AlP is synthesized from aluminum and black phosphorus via the facile high energy ball milling method (HEMM) without any other compound ratio. In this study, Multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) replaces the carbon black to enhance the performance of battery. The AlP electrode possesses excellent electrochemical properties with reversible specific capacities of 1463 mA h g-1 at 0.185 A g-1 (0.1 C) and has 80.1 % retention after 260 cycles. Moreover, the cycle life can astonishingly maintain over 2000 cycles at 1.85 A g-1 (1 C) and exceed 650 mA h g-1. Even at high rate step test from 0.925 A g-1 to 18.5 A g-1, battery performance of AlP is still stable and reversible. Finally, coin-type and pouch-type full cell with high capacity (~1.3 mA h and ~15 mA h, respectively) using AlP anode and LiFePO4 cathode are assembled to demonstrate as an energy supply to light up LED bulbs and to drive electronic devices.

中文摘要........................................i
Abstract.......................................ii
Table of Contents ........................... iii
List of Figures.................................v

Chapter 1. Introduction.........................1
1.1 Development of Lithium-ion batteries........1
1.2 Development of new anode for LIB............3
1.3 Challenge of high capacity active materials.5
1.4 The effect of electrolyte...................6
1.5 Phosphorus based materials as anode ........8
1.6 Aluminum based materials as anode...........10
1.7 High energy ball milling ...................12

Chapter 2.
Experimental Section............................13
2.1 Materials ..................................13
2.2 Synthesis of black phosphorus ................................................14
2.3 Synthesis of Aluminum phosphide.......................................15
2.4 Carbonization of Aluminum phosphide.......................................16
2.5 Prepare of slurry and assemble the cell ....17
2.6 Characterization and Measurement............19

Chapter 3.
Result and discussion.....................................20
3.1 Material characterization.............................20
3.1.1 Characterization of the black phosphorus ...........20
3.1.2 Characterization of the aluminum phosphide .........21
3.1.3 Characterization of the AlP and AlP/CNT mixture.....23
3.2 Electrochemical performance ..........................27
3.2.1 Half cell test......................................27
3.2.2 Full cell test and application......................34

Chapter 4.
Conclusions..............................................37
Reference ...............................................38

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