自潔性塗層發展已逾數十年並可應用於科技產品及生活經驗的改善,然其合成多需經昂 貴且複雜的製程,大幅限制其應用價值。本研究受啟發於鳥類羽毛之天然疏水性,首著重於 探討不同鳥禽類的廓羽表面結構以及濕潤性質。以電子顯微鏡觀察多種羽毛的排列結構,並 比較其濕潤性質與結構排列之關聯性。進而在具微米級多階層結構之羽毛表面做改質,藉由 調控常溫大氣電漿之氣流及處理時間以活化表面,同時在短時間內沈積一薄奈米金屬氧化層; 並於常溫常壓下蒸鍍含氟長碳鏈矽烷化物,形成自潔疏水表面。結果顯示不同種鳥禽之共同 廓羽結構由羽軸、羽枝和羽小枝組成,羽小枝末端形成倒鉤狀,與鄰近羽小枝相互勾纏而形 成穩固羽片並可固定距離。然而管徑和間距因種類而異,連帶造成羽毛天然疏水性和抗水穿 透能力之差異。大氣電漿輔助沉積奈米粒子形成的多階層結構可增強表面鏈結之碳氟長鏈的 疏水性,使得經表面改質之羽毛呈現抗沾水性及較佳的疏油性。本法亦適用於常見的玻璃、 紙、布料、矽基板,在不破壞原結構之下,成功改質為超疏水表面。
綜合以上,我們探討羽毛之結構排列與其疏水性與抗穿透能力之關係,期盼對於疏水表 面之微結構設計有所幫助。本研究使用之改質技術亦成功於常溫常壓下,於短時間內改變表 面濕潤性質,期望未來可將此簡單、快速之表面改質法應用於大規模改質製程,改善目前奈 米製程及改質技術的高能耗、高成本及難以量化之缺點。

Self-cleaning coatings have been developed for decades and lead to wide applications yet still limited by the expensive and complex processes. Inspired from the hydrophobicity of feather, we investigated the relation between the aligned structure and wettability of contour feathers. To go further, a facile two-step method was used to synthesize self-cleaning surfaces. The atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) technique was utilized to activate the surface and create hierarchical-structured metal-oxide coatings within a few seconds. The parameters of gas flow and coating time were evaluated and optimized. After silanization, the surfaces exhibited self-cleaning capability with low sliding angle and enhanced oleophobicity. Results indicated that all contour feathers were constructed by rachis, barbs and barbules. The terminals of barbules were hook-like shape, which could interlock with the adjacent barbules, forming the stable vane and maintaining fixed spacing. While the scale and spacing distance varied among species, leading to the difference in wettability and water resistance. APP-assisted nanoparticle deposition formed the hierarchical structure that enhanced the superhydrophobicity of the fluorinated surface. This method was also successfully applied on different substrates.
In summary, we investigated the relation between hierarchical structure and wettability of feather, which could contribute to the micro-pattern design. We then developed a facile and cost- effective method to fabricate multifunctional, anti-wetting surfaces under atmospheric pressure and
moderate temperature in short time, which could be applied to various substrates in different fields and overcome the limitations of current technologies.

Contents
中文摘要...................................................................................................................................... I Abstract...................................................................................................................................... II List of Tables........................................................................................................................... VII Figure Caption ..................................................................................................................... VIII
Chapter Chapter 2.1.
2.2. 2.3.
1. 2.
Introduction........................................................................................................1
2.4.
2.5.
Literature Review .............................................................................................. 7 Wettability on Solid Surfaces................................................................................7
2.1.1. Young’s Equation .......................................................................................... 7
2.1.2. Wenzel and Cassie Baxter Equations .......................................................... 8
Specific Wettability in Nature.............................................................................10 Feathers................................................................................................................. 13
2.3.1. Morphologies and Vane Structure............................................................. 14
2.3.2. Structure-related Water Repellency and Penetration ............................. 15
2.3.3. Recent Researches on Feathers.................................................................. 17
Recent Developments on Superwettability ........................................................ 17
2.4.1. Micropattern and Rough Structures.........................................................17
2.4.2. Surface Modification .................................................................................. 19
Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Technology ........................................................ 21
IV
Chapter 3.1. 3.2.
3.3. 3.4.
3.5.
3.6. Chapter 4.1. 4.2. 4.3.
3.
Experimental Methods .................................................................................... 43 Sample Collections and Preparations ................................................................ 43 Surface Modification ........................................................................................... 43
2.5.1. Theoretical Background ............................................................................. 21
2.5.2. Processing Principles .................................................................................. 22
2.5.3. Recent Developments of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma ......................... 23
2.5.4. Previous Researches of Surface Modification via APPJ Technique ....... 26
3.2.1. Atmospheric Pressure Plasma-assisted Nanoparticle Deposition .......... 44
3.2.2. Silanization .................................................................................................. 44
Structural Characterization and Elemental Analysis....................................... 45 Wetting Behavior ................................................................................................. 46
3.4.1. Static Contact Angle Measurement ........................................................... 46
3.4.2. Dynamic Contact Angle Measurement ..................................................... 47
Optimization and Evaluation of Stability .......................................................... 48 Water Repellency and Penetration.....................................................................48 Results and Discussions ................................................................................... 57 Basic Properties of Feathers ............................................................................... 57 Surface Morphology and Microstructure of Feather ....................................... 58 Wettability of Natural Feather ........................................................................... 60
4.
V
4.3.1. Static Contact Angle Analysis .................................................................... 60
4.3.2. Dynamic of Contact Angle Analysis .......................................................... 62
Surface Modification ........................................................................................... 65
4.4.1. Structural Characterization....................................................................... 65
4.4.2. Surface Coating Analyses ........................................................................... 66
4.4.3. Stability Evaluation and Wettability Measurement ................................ 70
Water Repellency and Penetration.....................................................................73
4.5.1. Repellent Factor Calculation ..................................................................... 73
4.5.2. Penetration Test........................................................................................... 76
Chapter 5. Conclusions.....................................................................................................103 References ............................................................................................................................... 106
4.4.
4.5.

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