本研究大幅更新NTHU飛航劑量評估程式與其資料庫，引入三個全新的功能：(1)多航線自動批次處理、(2)表列所有航班的總劑量評估、以及(3)沿著飛行路線的累積能譜計算，可廣泛用於探討宇宙射線與飛航劑量相關的重要課題。本研究使用FLUKA模擬銀河宇宙射線與大氣層的作用，計算中子、質子、渺子、介子、電子、正子、光子，以及各種重粒子從海平面到70 km高空的劑量率及能譜，考慮高度、太陽活度與地球磁場的影響並建構一完整大氣層網格之輻射資料庫。據此，透過一系列內外插及線積分可快速評估任一航線的劑量及累積能譜。NTHU飛航劑量評估程式的可靠度已透過與文獻中多樣計算或測量結果的比較獲得驗證。
基於更新版NTHU飛航劑量評估程式的新功能，本研究展示如下四個重要的應用：(1)針對11條台灣重要航線，透過批次處理功能分析1100條實際飛航路線數據，探討飛航路線差異的效應、比較實際與大圓航線的差異、以及不同太陽活度的影響。(2)展現累積能譜可能的應用，除了不同劑量單位轉換之外，亦可應用於飛航測量實驗設計以及偵檢器響應分析，或是評估宇宙射線對於飛機電子元件的單粒子翻轉效應。(3)針對台灣最長國際航線，考量其2017整年所有航線的劑量結果進行深度的統計分析，引進散佈圖與相關係數來量化評估各項與劑量相關參數之間的關係。(4)根據公開的民航年報，透過表列所有航班總劑量評估的功能，提出一套全面並可靠的機師年平均劑量計算的模式；以華航與長榮兩家航空公司為例，本研究計算了2006到2018年機師的年集體及平均有效劑量，並引進迴歸分析評估其變化的原因與趨勢，相關結果未來可應用於台灣飛行人員輻射劑量的評估與管制。

This study presents important updates of the NTHU Flight Dose Calculator, which not only extends its capabilities but also introduces three new features: the automatic batch analysis of multiple flights, route dose summation over all scheduled flights, and estimation of the cumulative spectra of cosmic rays along a flight path. Based on the results of extensive and high-fidelity FLUKA simulations of atmospheric showers generated by galactic cosmic rays, a global database containing effective dose rates and energy spectra of neutrons, protons, muons, pions, electrons, positrons, photons, and heavy ions at various altitudes ranging from sea level up to 70 km was constructed and parameterized accounting for the dependences of altitude, geomagnetic cutoff rigidity, and solar modulation. The aviation route doses and cumulative spectra of various radiation components can be estimated by performing a series of interpolations and integration along a path. The calculator has been benchmarked by comparing with various results in the literature.
The new features of the NTHU Flight Dose Calculator were demonstrated through the following applications: (1) Conduct a systematic dose assessment for 11 popular flights from Taiwan, with an emphasis on the effects of flight route variation and great-circle approximation. (2) Show three potentially useful applications for cumulative spectra: as an alternative approach to estimate the route dose; correcting onboard neutron detector responses caused by unwanted components in cosmic rays; and estimating single-event upset in avionics. (3) Perform an in-depth analysis of aviation route doses for the longest distance flight from Taiwan. In addition, dose relationships with influenctial parameters were identified using correlation coefficients and scatterplots. (4) Propose a feasible and comprehensive approach for estimating collective and average effective doses of galactic cosmic radiation received by pilots on the basis of data in publicly available civil aviation annual statistical reports. The assessment of the annual effective doses received by pilots in Taiwan from 2006 to 2018 was performed. A regression model that can effectively reproduce the derived average effective dose rates on board aircraft was obtained for future application in aircrew dosimetry.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
致謝 iv
目錄 v
表目錄 ix
圖目錄 xii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 宇宙射線與飛航劑量簡介及文獻回顧 1
1.1.1. 高度 4
1.1.2. 太陽調節 5
1.1.3. 地球磁場與剛度 7
1.1.4. 飛航劑量 11
1.1.5. 其它飛航劑量評估程式 15
1.2 研究動機 19
第二章 宇宙射線模擬與大氣層網格之輻射資料庫的建立 21
2.1. FLUKA宇宙射線模擬 21
2.2. FLUKA宇宙射線模擬的驗證 30
2.3. FLUKA宇宙射線劑量計算的展示 31
2.4. 資料庫建立 34
2.4.1. 地理位置網格選用 34
2.4.2. 計算耗費時間 36
2.4.3. 能譜 39
2.4.4. 劑量率 43
2.4.5. 擬合函數 50
2.4.6. 資料庫的誤差 54
第三章 飛航劑量計算與評估程式的開發 60
3.1. 程式發展歷程 60
3.2. 飛航劑量計算與誤差分析 63
3.2.1. 垂直截止剛度內插 65
3.2.2. 高度內插 68
3.2.3. 太陽活度內插 69
3.2.4. 能譜內插及累積能譜計算 72
3.3. 大圓航線假設 76
3.4. 程式組成架構 77
3.5. 程式圖形化介面展示 79
3.5.1. User Specified頁面 79
3.5.2. Orthodrome頁面 82
3.5.3. Location頁面 85
3.5.4. Personnel Dose頁面 87
3.5.5. Tools頁面 88
3.5.6. Database頁面 90
3.6. 程式的驗證 92
3.6.1. ICRU 84號報告驗證 92
3.6.2. 飛機上測量值之驗證 129
3.6.3. EURADOS報告驗證 135
3.6.4. 能譜計算功能驗證 137
3.6.5. 與其它飛航劑量評估程式的比較 139
第四章 NTHU飛航劑量評估程式的應用 142
4.1. 飛航路線差異效應與大圓假設對於台灣熱門航線之影響探討 142
4.1.1. 飛航路線差異的效應 144
4.1.2. 實際與大圓航線之比較 153
4.1.3. 太陽調節的影響 157
4.2. 累積能譜的應用 159
4.2.1. 累積能譜應用(1)評估航線劑量 162
4.2.2. 累積能譜應用(2)校正偵檢器響應 164
4.2.3. 累積能譜應用(3)單粒子翻轉效應評估 165
4.3. 台灣飛行距離最長航線的全年度航班深度分析 177
4.3.1. 劑量分佈與變異性 177
4.3.2. 散佈圖與相關係數 185
4.4. 機師集體及平均有效劑量評估 188
4.4.1. 機師劑量評估方法 194
4.4.2. 2018年華航及長榮機師的集體及平均有效劑量評估 211
4.4.3. 大圓航線巡航高度及速度的靈敏度分析 217
4.4.4. 2006到2018年華航及長榮機師的集體及平均有效劑量評估 222
4.4.5. 影響有效劑量率的參數分析 234
4.4.6. 影響有效劑量的參數分析 246
4.4.7. 台灣與美國各類別輻射工作人員年平均有效劑量比較 251
4.4.8. 評估方法與假設之討論 253
第五章 結論與未來工作 258
5.1. 結論 258
5.2. 未來工作 264
5.2.1. 程式的認證 264
5.2.2. 飛航劑量的測量 265
5.2.3. 飛機結構的屏蔽影響 274
5.2.4. 飛航劑量迴歸模型的建立 275
5.2.5. 程式功能的擴充與推廣 276
參考文獻 278
附錄I.發表之國際期刊及研討會論文 291
附錄II. FLUKA宇宙射線模擬計算設定 293
附錄III.銀河宇宙射線在大氣層內之資料庫 311
附錄IV. NTHU飛航劑量評估程式的版本更迭 505
附錄V. NTHU飛航劑量評估程式pyFDC v3.1使用手冊 510
附錄VI. FLUKA於質子治療劑量計算之應用 565

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