宇宙射線自太空進入大氣層時，與空氣組成原子進行一連串碰撞與交互作用，產生次級宇宙射線的空氣簇射現象。由於大氣層提供的屏蔽保護在飛航高度相對較弱，飛航人員因而暴露在相對較高的輻射環境之中，其所受劑量有必要仔細評估。自從1996年開始，歐盟將飛航人員歸類為輻射工作人員。國際組織、世界各國也發表一些關於飛航人員劑量的量測與管理準則。順應世界潮流，台灣原能會也開始研究相關，改善飛航人員暴露劑量與管理。次級宇宙射線十分複雜，決定其絕對強度與能譜的主要因素包含經緯度、高度、以及太陽活度等等。大氣層次級宇宙射線組成粒子多樣且能量範圍廣，通常須以數值方法來評估對飛航人員與乘客的劑量貢獻。雖然相關文獻很多，但以作者觀察，文獻中的飛航劑量評估多著重在中高緯度國家，並不包含因垂直截止剛度幾乎是世界最高，而輻射劑量率相對較低的台灣等低緯度地區。因此本研究將著重探討台灣地區有興趣的熱門航線，並開發一套使用者友善的分析軟體，命名NTHU飛航劑量計算程式。
本論文接續實驗室先前研究的成果，擴充原有的50個模擬案例(44個簡化、6個完整)，新增10個完整宇宙射線模擬案例(包含計算耗時的二次電磁輻射在內)，擴充輻射劑量資料庫並改善電磁輻射劑量估算的擬合準確性。本研究完成開發一套飛航劑量計算程式，並與EURADOS報告中提及的11種程式針對23條航線劑量評估進行完整比較。完成程式驗證之後，本研究挑選台北出發的11條主要飛航路線，目的地涵蓋美洲、澳洲、歐洲、亞洲等主要都會，利用NTHU飛航劑量計算程式進行詳細分析。輻射劑量成分包括中子、質子、牟子、光子、電子與正子，並利用統計原理分析誤差可能的影響。本研究所開發之飛航劑量程式可方便提供研究人員、一般民眾或管制單位使用，有利相關教育與研究的提升。

Galactic cosmic rays from outer space enter the Earth’s atmosphere and interact with air nuclei, leading to a phenomenon called the cosmic-ray air shower. Because the atmosphere provides scant protection to aircraft at high altitudes, aircrew are exposed to elevated levels of cosmic radiation. It’s necessary to evaluate receiving dose of aircrew. Aircrew in the European Union have been recognized as occupationally exposed workers since 1996. Several national and international organizations have published guidelines for monitoring and managing the doses received by aircrew. In line with this trend, the Atomic Energy Council in Taiwan has initiated research on improving aircrew exposure and regulatory control. Absolute intensities and energy spectra of secondary components in the atmosphere are complex and depend on numerous factors, including altitude, latitude, and solar activity. Numerical methods are extensively used to evaluate radiation exposure for aircraft crew and passengers. Literature on this topic is abundant, and various assessment codes are currently being used for aircrew dosimetry. To the authors’ knowledge, most flight routes investigated in the literature serve cities at intermediate and high latitudes; these routes do not include various flights of interest in Taiwan, although where the geomagnetic cutoff rigidity is nearly the highest in the world and the intensity of cosmic radiation is relatively low. Therefore, this study performed appropriate dose assessments for popular flights in Taiwan and developed a reliable and easy-to-use computer program (NTHU Flight Dose Calculator) for this purpose.
10 completed simulation projects which content electronic components was added to improve accuracy of database, following by previous work, which contain 50 simulation projects (44 simplified & 6 completed projects). Using newly developed NTHU flight dose calculator to compare 11 different software in 23 flight routes, which from EURADOS report. Also, choosing flight routes from Taipei to 11 cities worldwide to calculate flight dose of interest in Taiwan. The radiation components include neutron, proton, muon, photon, electron and positron. Finally, we use error propagation theory to analyze and confirm the accuracy. The software is available to public and authority, and can become a tool of cosmic radiation research.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
誌謝詞 iii
目錄 iv
表目錄 vi
圖目錄 vii
第一章 緒論 - 1 -
1.1 文獻回顧 - 1 -
1.2 研究動機與目的 - 5 -
第二章 大氣層宇宙射線的模擬 - 7 -
2.1 飛航劑量之主要影響因素 - 7 -
2.1.1 地理位置 - 7 -
2.1.2 太陽活度 - 7 -
2.1.3 高度位置 - 8 -
2.2 FLUKA蒙地卡羅程式 - 11 -
2.2.1 射源 - 12 -
2.2.2 幾何模型 - 13 -
2.2.3 地磁模型 - 16 -
第三章 資料庫建立 - 18 -
3.1 模擬案例的選擇 - 18 -
3.2 宇宙射線劑量率的評估 - 22 -
3.3 各輻射成分能譜分析 - 26 -
第四章 NTHU飛航劑量程式開發 - 31 -
4.1 特定位置劑量率計算 - 32 -
4.1.1 位置擬合 - 34 -
4.1.2 高度擬合 - 40 -
4.1.3 時間內插 - 45 -
4.1.4簡化結果與原始資料比較 - 46 -
4.2 航線累積劑量計算 - 49 -
4.2.1 給定航線計算 - 49 -
4.2.2 大圓航線計算 - 51 -
4.3 誤差分析 - 54 -
4.3.1 直接上下限曲線誤差 - 54 -
4.3.2 統計分布曲線誤差 - 55 -
4.3.3 線性內插誤差 - 57 -
4.4 圖形化介面程式操作 - 60 -
4.4.1 NTHU飛航劑量計算主程式介面 - 60 -
4.4.2 大圓航線介面 - 61 -
4.4.3 位置有效劑量率介面 - 61 -
4.4.4 資料庫管理介面(S型擬合曲線工具) - 62 -
4.4.5 程式優勢比較 - 63 -
第五章 NTHU飛航劑量程式的驗證與應用 - 65 -
5.1 EURADOS-2012-03報告比較 - 65 -
5.1.1 資料庫驗證 - 65 -
5.1.2 二十三條航線比較 - 68 -
5.2台灣有興趣的航線劑量分析 - 71 -
5.2.1 台灣主要航線劑量分析 - 71 -
5.2.2 實際案例分析台北---冰島 - 78 -
第六章 結論 - 80 -
6.1 結論 - 80 -
6.2 未來工作 - 81 -
參考文獻 - 83 -
附錄壹、FLUKA模擬結果的彙整 - 85 -
附錄貳、FLUKA模擬結果的交叉分析 - 117 -
一、 Dose component: Neutron 117
A. Solar modulation parameter: 465MV (Minimum) 117
B. Solar modulation parameter: 1440MV (Maximum) - 126 -
二、 Dose component: Proton - 135 -
A. Solar modulation parameter: 465MV (Minimum) - 135 -
B. Solar modulation parameter: 1440MV (Maximum) - 144 -
三、 Dose component: Muon - 153 -
A. Solar modulation parameter: 465MV (Minimum) - 153 -
B. Solar modulation parameter: 1440MV (Maximum) - 162 -
四、 Dose component: Electron and Positron - 171 -
A. Solar modulation parameter: 465MV (Minimum) - 171 -
B. Solar modulation parameter: 1440MV (Maximum) - 180 -
五、 Dose component: Photon - 189 -
A. Solar modulation parameter: 465MV (Minimum) - 189 -
B. Solar modulation parameter: 1440MV (Maximum) - 198 -
六、 Total Effective Dose: - 207 -
A. Solar modulation parameter: 465MV (Minimum) - 207 -
B. Solar modulation parameter: 1440MV (Maximum) - 216 -
附錄參、NTHU飛航劑量計算程式-MATLAB程式碼 - 225 -
一、主要GUI程式檔案 (main.m) - 225 -
二、飛航劑量計算程式(DoseCal.m) - 250 -
三、大圓航線產生程式(Orthodrome.m) - 254 -
四、單點劑量率計算程式(PointCal.m) - 257 -
五、S型曲線擬合程式(Sigmoidfit.m) - 259 -
六、外部參數檔案 - 260 -

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