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作者(中文):趙崇聖
作者(外文):Chao, Chung-Sheng
論文名稱(中文):論非財務資訊揭露法制之建置與全球治理
論文名稱(外文):Non-Financial Information Disclosure Regulation and Global Governance
指導教授(中文):蔡昌憲
指導教授(外文):Tsai, Chang-Hsien
口試委員(中文):陳仲嶙
林勤富
口試委員(外文):Chen, Chung-Lin
Lin, Ching-Fu
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立清華大學
系所名稱:科技法律研究所
學號:103074610
出版年(民國):107
畢業學年度:106
語文別:中文
論文頁數:171
中文關鍵詞:非財務資訊揭露永續報導企業社會責任全球治理
外文關鍵詞:Non-Financial Information DisclosureSustainable ReportingCorporate Social ResponsibilityGlobal Governance
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我國自2014年起由台灣證券交易所股份有限公司(下稱證交所)及財團法人中華民國櫃檯買賣中心(下稱櫃買中心)發布「上市(櫃)公司編制與申報企業社會責任報告書作業辦法」,採取強制揭露企業社會責任報告書制度。要求符合特定條件上市(櫃)公司應編製企業社會責任報告書,彰顯我國正式進入永續報導之行列。為增強特定產業非財務資訊揭露之公信力,證交所與櫃買中心以鼓勵企業社會責任報告書交由獨立機構進行確信為原則,而例外要求特定條件之企業應強制由會計師提出確信意見。為因應此需求財團法人中華民國會計研究發展基金會公告「確信準則公報第一號」,會計師應依循該公報進行確信。並且於2018年台灣指數公司建立以上市公司揭露之非財務資訊作為衡量之台灣永續指數,作為台灣非財務資訊揭露之參考指標。

全球趨勢而言,由於近年來不論是聯合國所舉辦之氣候會議,又或是聯合國所提出之永續目標,跨國企業都是達成永續發展的核心。各國政府為實踐永續資源利用,逐步加強企業非財務資訊之揭露制度。不論是歐盟、英國、美國又或是新興市場之中國以及非洲市場代表之南非,就永續報導之管制模式,從過去政府以企業自治轉向加強揭露之態度。

揭露制度並非最為直接之管制手段,原因在於揭露僅能傳達相關議題之資訊,無法達成直接解決問題之效果。然而就企業營運對相關利害關係人所產生外部成本,時常因企業之跨國性、議題之多元性和問題與時俱進性並且分屬不同行政單位管轄而難以解決。相較於由政府透過法律直接予以規範,反而將相關永續議題揭露予社會大眾,由消費者、投資人與同業壓力予以解決為最有效之適切方法。

本文將分析為建立有效之揭露制度需包含非財務資訊之編制準則、查核資訊為真實之確信準則與整理相關永續資訊之市場指標,而各國間所採取的不同做法與原因為何。由於以上之強制企業揭露資訊之行為,屬於對企業權利之侵害,應該採取之法律保留程度為何則應依照管制密度加以探討,另外國際上所採納之編製與確信準則我國應如何予以適用。
In order to improve public trust in listed companies, Taiwan Stock Exchange (TWSE) and Taipei Exchange (TPEx) released corporate social responsibility report regulation in 2014. Company's capital stock has achieved no less than NT$10 billion and in certain industries must disclose CSR reprt. Furthermore, TWSE and TPEx demand companies in certain industries to obtain CPA’s opinion letter. With non-financial information which CSR report provided, Taiwan Index Plus corporation launched Taiwan ESG Index to guide stock market with clear a view.

Investors and stakeholders have influences on corporations, and a well-function market needs sufficient information to make a reseaonable reaction. Therefore, disclosure have been used to strengthen coproate governance, it is an effective tool for the government to delegate social purpose into private entities.

In the past, corporations were only required to disclose financial information to investors, and leave non-financial information for the corporation to decide whether to disclose or not. However, with globalization and increasing amount of cross-border legal issues led by international trades between global enterprises — environment, economics, society, corporate governance and human rights, etc., the balance between profitability and social issues have become one of the top concerns for modern society. The requirements of corporations’ non-financial information disclosure have been adopted globally, but it is not accepted without challenges. The processes for the governments to adopt standards and legitimacy of the chosen standards remain disputable.

This Article aims to examine the effectiveness of non-financial information disclosure by corporations. Furthermore, this article addresses the challenges Taiwan faced from the perspective of global governance as below. Taiwan Stock Exchange mandates specific corporations to prepare CSR Reports, while it possibly contradicts with the principle of legal reservation, and Taiwan hasn’t created any existing guidance for disclosure requirements, and this may raise the issue of legitimacy of chosen standard.

This Article proceeds as follows. It starts with the definitions of non-financial information disclosure and review its development, Section two introduces the international standards for preparation, auditing and index for the market to evaluate. Section three addresses current non-financial information disclosure measures in Taiwan and discusses the necessity for government intervention in disclosure. Section four introduces rules of disclosure from EU, USA, UK, South Africa and China. Section five examines the legitimacy for government to adopt private preparation standards for non-financial information disclosure rules from the perspective of global governance. Finally, section six discusses the necessity of mandated non-financial information disclosure in Taiwan and further proposes a suitable formality of non-financial information disclosure in Taiwan.
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究方法與目標 7
第三節 研究範圍與限制 10
第四節 論文架構 10
第二章 非財務資訊揭露相關概念之演變與剖析 12
第一節 企業永續發展概念之起源與發展 12
第二節 非財務資訊揭露之原理原則與國際現狀 14
第一項 聯合國全球盟約 20
第二項 OECD 多國企業指導綱領 18
第三項 聯合國千禧年目標與永續發展目標 24
第四項 資金供給面之相關永續原則 27
第五項 原理原則與非財務資訊揭露制度之互動關係 30
第三節 台灣採納非財務資訊揭露制度之起因:全球化法域競爭與在地化企業問題 33
第四節 小結:非財務資訊揭露之新紀元 38
第三章 建立有效非財務資訊揭露制度的三步驟:編制、確信與指標 40
第一節 揭露非財務資訊應遵守之編制標準 40
第一項 全球永續性報導協會 40
第二項 國際整合性報導委員會 47
第三項 永續會計準則協會 52
第四項 小結:三種編制組織與準則之間的關係 57
第二節 確信非財務資訊之依循準則 59
第一項 確信準則公報 61
第二項 國際確信準則 66
第三項 當責性原則 68
第四項 小結:確信服務於台灣之現狀 70
第三節 指引市場的永續指標 71
第一項 英國:富時永續指數 74
第二項 美國:道瓊永續指數 75
第三項 我國之企業社會責任指數 76
第四項 小結:責任投資在資訊不足的情況下無法發揮應有的效果 78
第四節 編制、確信與指標為完整永續報導制度之基石 79
第四章 政府介入非財務資訊揭露制度之必要性分析 81
第一節 強制揭露非財務資訊的意涵 81
第一項 證券市場資訊揭露之理論基礎 83
第二項 非財務資訊揭露制度之類型 86
第三項 永續報導之利害關係人 88
第二節 標準選擇的正當性與法規執行之有效性分析:以全球治理角度為觀察 94
第一項 全球治理與非財務資訊揭露 94
第二項 全球治理與會計制度之規範全球化 99
第三項 全球治理觀點下之國家責任與實踐企業永續發展模式 104
第三節 小結 107
第五章 各國非財務資訊揭露法制之介紹 109
第一節 非財務資訊揭露的各國情形概論 109
第二節 美國:領域式非財務資訊揭露 110
第一項Dodd-Frank 華爾街重組與消費者保護法案 111
第二項Regulation S-K 114
第三項 加州供應鏈透明化法案 116
第三節 歐盟:通盤強制性非財務揭露 117
第一項 歐盟非財務資訊揭露法制化 117
第二項 歐盟非財務資訊揭露重要原則 121
第三項 小結 123
第四節 英國:企業社會責任納入公司本質 125
第五節 南非:整合性報導 129
第一項 南非永續報導之發展歷史 129
第二項 整合性報導之適用情形 131
第六節 中國:環境保護事項為揭露核心 131
第一項 香港聯合交易所 132
第二項 上海券交易所 133
第七節 小結:強化非財務資訊揭露制度之國際趨勢 136
第六章 我國實施強制揭露非財務資訊之制度分析 137
第一節 我國企業社會責任法規介紹 137
第一項 非財務資訊揭露規範適用對象與揭露內容 137
第二項 違反作業辦法或不實揭露之法律責任 139
第二節 現行非財務揭露規範違反法律保留原則 144
第一項 非財務揭露在我國憲法上屬於需法律授權的重要事項 145
第二項 台灣證券交易所與櫃檯買賣中心之法律地位 147
第三項 非財務資訊揭露制度之建置為公權力委託 150
第三節 永續報導之實質管制問題 151
第一項 全球治理觀點下的證券監管行政權管制範圍 152
第二項 選擇永續性報導指南為唯一非財務資訊揭露標準不具正當性 151
第三項 選擇會計師作為確信人員之正當性 152
第四節 小結:法規授權之缺失、標準與確信人員擇定之再思考 154
第七章 結論 156
第一節 本文見解回顧 156
第二節 未來展望方向 158
第一項 以證券交易法作為非財務資訊揭露之核心立法 159
第二項 採「遵守或解釋」之管制模式 159
第三項 公共部門積極參與永續報導制度之全球銜接與在地化 160
參考文獻 161
壹、中文文獻

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張元(2017年)。〈社會責任表現較佳的公司有較低的股價崩盤風險嗎?—來自上海證券交易所的證據〉,《兩岸金融季刊》,5卷2期,頁29。

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三、學位論文

李育儒(2016),《建構企業社會責任報告書之確信風險評估決策模式》,東吳大學會計系碩士論文,台北。
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五、網路資源

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許雅綿(2018)。〈挺台灣永續指數 勞動基金投入420億元代操基金〉,《鉅亨網》,載於:https://news.cnyes.com/news/id/4083349。

彭禎伶(2014)。〈4大產業 明年強制編CSR報告 強化食品、化工等上市櫃企業社會責任,若有虛偽、誇大,將糾正、公告及連續開罰〉,《工商時報》。載於http://cgc.twse.com.tw/pressReleases/promoteNewsArticleCh/303。

曾于哲(2018),〈企業落實社會責任商業價值加分〉,經濟日報,http://insight.udndata.com/ndapp/udntag/finance/Article?origid=8699685。

經濟部(2014),〈「永續性報告指南」(GRI G4)之介紹〉,載於:http://www.taipei-tfcc.com.tw/notice/enterprise-honesty-morality-1030915-1.htm。

資誠會計師事務所,〈為企業的價值解碼 整合性報導(“IR”)全球大會第一手報導,資誠企業永續發展新訊〉,載於:https://www.pwc.tw/zh/publications/sustainability-news/sustainability-news-171102.html。

貳、英文文獻

一、 專書

Andriof, J. et al. (2002), Unfolding Stakeholder Thinking: Theory, Responsibility and Engagement, Greenleaf, Shelfield.

CAMPBELL, T (ED.) (2007). THE NEW CORPORATE ACCOUNTABILITY: CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND THE LAW, 1ST ED, CAMBRIDGE, UK: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

EASTERBROOK, F. H., & FISCHEL, D. R. (1991). THE ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF CORPORATE LAW. CAMBRIDGE, MASS: HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS.

FREEMAN, R.E. (1984), STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT: A STAKEHOLDER APPROACH, PITMAN PUBLISHING INC., BOSTON, MA.

HOWARD R. BOWEN(1953), SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE BUSINESSMAN, HARPER.

JOOST PAUWELYN, RAMSES A WESSEL AND JAN WOUTERS(2012), IN INFORMAL INTERNATIONAL LAWMAKING.

RONALD DUSKA ET AL. (2011), ACCOUNTING ETHICS ,JOHN WILEY & SONS EDS.

RONALD DUSKA, BRENDA SHAY DUSKA, JULIE ANNE RAGATZ(2011), ACCOUNTING ETHICS.

二、 期刊文章

Adam S. Chilton & Galit A. Sarfaty(2016), The Limitations of Supply Chain Disclosure Regimes, 57 STANFORD J. INT’L L.

Amanpreet Kaur & Sumit Lodhia(2018), Stakeholder engagement in sustainability accounting and reporting: A study of Australian local councils, 31(1) Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal.

Amir, E., and B. Lev(1996), Value-relevance of non-financial information: The wireless communication industry, Journal of Accounting and Economics.

Balakrishnan, S., Koza, M.P(1993). Information asymmetry, adverse selection and joint-ventures. Theory and evidence , 20 (1) Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization.

Bebbington, J. Et al.(2008), Legitimating reputation/the reputation of legitimacy theory, 21(3) Account Audit Account J.

Benedict Kingsbury et al. (2005), The Emergence of Global Administrative Law, 68 Law and Contemporary Problems.

Bloom, J.D. (2015), Standards for development: food safety and sustainability in WalMart's Honduran produce supply chains, 80 (2) Rural. Sociol.

Blowfield, M. (2000), Ethical sourcing: a contribution to sustainability or a diversion? 8(4) SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.

Christensen, Hans Bonde and Floyd, Eric and Liu, Lisa Yao and Maffett, Mark G. (2016), The Real Effects of Mandatory Dissemination of Non-Financial Information through Financial Reports , Chicago Booth Research Paper No. 16-05.

Clarke, T. & Boersma, M. (2017), The governance of global value chains: unresolved human rights, environmental and ethical dilemmas in the apple supply chain, 143 (1) J. Bus. Ethics.

Connelly, B. L. et al. (2011), Signaling theory: A review and assessment, 37(1) J Manag.

Cummings, J. (2001), Engaging stakeholders in corporate accountability programmes: a cross sectoral analysis of UK and transnational experience, 10(2) Business Ethics: A European Review.

David M. Lynn (2011), The Dodd-Frank Act’s Specialized Corporate Disclosure: Using the Securities Laws To Address Public Policy Issues, 6 J. BUS. & TECH. L.

Du Plessis & Jean Jacques(2016), Corporate Governance, Corporate Responsibility and Law: Shareholder Primacy and Other Stakeholder Interests, 34 C&SLJ.

E. Merrick Dodd, Jr. (1932), For Whom Are Corporate Managers Trustees? 45(7) Harvard Law Review.

Eccles R. G., R. Herz, E. M. Keegan, and D. M. H. Phillips. (2000),The value reporting revolution: Moving beyond the earnings game. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Esfahbodi, A. et al. (2016), Sustainable supply chain management in emerging economies: trade-offs between environmental and cost performance 181 Int. J. Prod. Econ.

Evans, W. R., & Davis, W. D. (2011), An examination of perceived corporate citizenship, job applicant attraction, and CSR work role definition, 50(30) Business & Society.

Fu Jia et al. (2018), Sustainable supply chain management in developing countries: An analysis of the literature, 189 Journal of Cleaner Production.

Grossman, H. A(2005), Refining the Role of the Corporation: The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Shareholder Primacy Theory, 10(2) DEAKIN L REV.

Harper Ho, Virginia E. (2017), 'Comply or Explain' and the Future of Nonfinancial Reporting 21 Lewis & Clark Law Review. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2903006

Harper Ho, Virginia E. (2017), The SEC's Sustainability Imperative.

Hugh Alexander Grossman(2005), Refining the Role of Corporation: the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Shareholder Primacy Theory ,10 DEAKIN L. REV.

Ittner, C. and D. Larcker. (1998), Are nonfinancial measures leading indicators of financial performance? An analysis of customer satisfaction, 36 Journal of Accounting Research.

Jensen, M.C. and Meckling, W.H. (1976), Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure, 3 Journal of Financial Economics.

Jerry K C Koh & Victoria Leong(2017), The Rise of the Sustainability Reporting Megatrend: A Corporate Governance Perspective, 18 (3) BUS. L. INT'L.

Kareiva Peter M et al. (2015), Improving global environmental management withstandard corporate reporting. 112(24) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.

Kinderman, Daniel P. (2015), The Struggle Over the EU Non-Financial Disclosure Directive, WSI-Mitteilungen.

Mathiyazhagan, K. et al. (2015), Application of analytical hierarchy process to evaluate pressures to implement green supply chain management. 107 J. Clean. Prod.

McMurray A.J. et al. (2014), Sustainable procurement in Malaysian organizations: practices, barriers and opportunities, 20 (3) J. Purch. Supply Manag.

Milton Friedman(1970), The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits, THE NEW YORK TIMES.

Mohammad Badrul Muttakin el at. (2018), Corporate political connection and corporate social responsibility disclosures: A neo-pluralist hypothesis and empirical evidence, 31(2) Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal.

Natasja Steenkamp(2018), Top ten South African companies’ disclosure of materiality determination process and material issues in integrated reports, 19(2) Journal of Intellectual Capital.

R. H. Coase(2011), The Nature of the Firm, 4(16) Economica 386, 405(1937).
Ramses A. Wessel, Informal International Law-Making as a New Form of World Legislation?, 8 International Organizations Law Review.

Ranjan Kumar & Shamama Afreen(2018), Developing a GRI-G4-based persuasive communication framework for sustainability reporting (SR): Examining top 10 Indian banks, 13(1) International Journal of Emerging Markets.

Reed, D. (1999), Stakeholder management theory: a critical theory perspective, 9(3) Business Ethics Quarterly.

Ries Kamphof & Jan Melissen(2018), SDGs, Foreign Ministries and the Art of Partnering with the Private Sector, Global Policy.

Risa E. Kaufman(2017), Localizing Human Rights in the United States through the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, 49 Colum. Hum. Rts. L. Rev.

Ruth Jebe(2015), Sustainability Reporting and New Governance: South Africa Marks the Path to Improved Corporate Disclosure, 23 Cardozo J. Int'l & Comp. L.

Samuel Nana et al. (2018), Do corporate social responsibility practices of firms attract prospective employees? Perception of university students from a developing country, 3(6) International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility.

Seuring, S & Müller, M. (2008), From a literature review to a conceptual framework for sustainable supply chain management, 16 (15) J. Clean. Prod.

Simnett, Vanstraelen, and Chua(2009), Assurance on Sustainability Report: an International Comparison, 84(3) The Accounting Review 937-967.

Shan Xu & Duchi Liu(2018), Do Financial Markets Care about Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure? Further Evidence from China, 84(28) AUSTRALIAN ACCOUNTING REV.

Song, Y. et al. (2018), Sustainable strategy for corporate governance based on the sentiment analysis of financial reports with CSR, 4(2) Financial Innovation.

Sriyalatha Kumarasinghe et al. (2018), Enhancing performance by disclosing more: some evidence from Japanese companies, 30(1) Pacific Accounting Review.

Xue Lin el at. (2018), For the balance of stakeholders’ power and responsibility: A collaborative framework for implementing social responsibility issues in construction projects, 56(3) Management Decision.

Yang, K., & Yu, T. (2014), Person - organisation fit, effects on organisational attraction: A test of an expectations- based model, 124 Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Process.

三、 官方文件

American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) (2013), “Materiality, background paper for oIRW”, available at: http://iirc.org (accessed 10 October 2016).

Christian Kroll, Sustainable Development Goals: Are the rich countries ready?
COMMUNICATION FROM EC COMMISSION, Guidelines on non-financial reporting, Official Journal of the European Union, 7(2017.5.7). Available on http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52017XC0705(01).

Concept Release on Management’s Discussion and Analysis, Securities Act Release No. 6711, 52 FR. 13,715, 13,7171(Apr. 24 1987)

Ethical Corporation, White Paper: SDGs and sustainability reporting, http://www.globallandscapesforum.org/publication/ethical-corporation-white-paper-sdgs-sustainability-reporting/.

European Parliament, Committee on Legal Affairs, Report on Corporate Social Responsibility: Accountable, Transparent and Responsible Business Behavior and Sustainable Growth (2012/2098(INI)),

Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 (17 CFR § 240.13a-15) and 15d-15 (17 CFR § 240.15d-15). See Certi cation of Disclosure in Companies’ Annual and Quarterly Reports [Release No. 33-8124; 67 FR 57276] (Aug. 28, 2002).

Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). (2013a). G4 sustainability reporting guidelines. Amsterdam: GRI.

GRI, GRI history, https://www.globalreporting.org/information/about-gri/gri-history/Pages/GRI%27s%20history.aspx(last visited May. 28, 2018).

International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) (2015), “Materiality in oIRW: guidance for the preparation of integrated reports”, International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), available at: www.ifac.org/publications-resources/materiality-integrated-reporting (accessed 15 March 2016).

International Integrated Reporting Council (2016), “Statement of common principles of materiality of the corporate reporting dialogue”, available at: http://corporatereportingdialogue.com/ wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Statement-of-Common-Principles-of-Materiality1.pdf (last visited September. 20 2016).

Interpretation: Commission Guidance Regarding Disclosure Related to Climate Change, Securities and Exchange Commission, 17 CFR Parts 211, 231 and 241 [Release Nos. 33-9106; 34-61469; FR-82], 18-19 (February 8, 2010)

OECD, OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises,p.9~25(2000)。
Shan Xu., Duchi Liu., Do Financial Markets Care about Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure? Further Evidence from China, 84(28) Australian Accounting Review 79, 103 (2018).

Sustainable Accounting Standard Board(SASB), CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK of THE SUSTAINABILITY ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD, https://www.sasb.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/SASB-Conceptual-Framework-Final-Formatted-10-22-13.pdf.

Sustainable Accounting Standard Board(SASB), Introduction to SASB(Oct. 2 2014) , http://www.sasb.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Intro-to-SASB-for-Lawyers-10-2-2014.pdf.

The Millennium Development Goals Report ,United Nation, 2015

UN Global Compact, https://www.unglobalcompact.org (last visited May. 27, 2018).

United Nations, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) , UNDP, 2015.



四、 網路資源與其他

Bradley Olson & Aruna Viswanatha, SEC Probes Exxon Over Accounting For Climate Change, WSJ(Sept.20, 2016), https://www.wsj.com/articles/sec-investigating-exxon-on-valuing-of-assets-accounting-practices-1474393593.

Christian Kroll, Sus taillable Development Goals: Are the rich countries ready?
Jeff Desjardins, All of the World’s Stock Exchanges by Size, http://www.visualcapitalist.com/all-of-the-worlds-stock-exchanges-by-size/(last visited 2018/5/7).

KPMG, The KPMG Survey of Corporate Responsibility Reporting 2017, https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/xx/pdf/2017/10/kpmg-survey-of-corporate-responsibility-reporting-2017.pdf.

SDG Fund, Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, (2015) [online]. Available from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld [Accessed 26 May 2018].

Wagner, Constance Z., Evolving Norms of Corporate Social Responsibility: Lessons from the European Union Experience with Non-Financial Reporting, Saint Louis U. Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2017-6. P.1

World Bank, World Bank national accounts data and OECD National Accounts data files, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?year_high_desc=true (last visited 2018/5/22).
 
 
 
 
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