相位陣列系統在過去的一百年裡持續穩定發展。在各輻射單元的同步激發下，相位陣列可以提供電子式波束掃描和增加陣列天線增益。其快速掃描的特性使相位陣列成為電子戰、衛星通訊和場域監視等應用中十分有吸引力的策略。然而，相位陣列產品的高價格和低可攜帶性限制了它們的普及。我們可以將實現合理價格和方便攜帶的可能方法分類為系統單晶片整合與模組封裝。本論文討論了在65 奈米互補式金氧半導體製程中，設計與實現的兩個應用於相位陣列的 X 頻段晶片，包括一個 8–10-GHz 收發器系統單晶片與一個6.5–9.65-GHz 可程式增益放大器。
第一個晶片是一個 8–10-GHz 收發器，使用了本論文提出的週期性脈衝注入技術，並整合了類比基頻濾波、射頻混頻與時脈同步等功能於單一晶片上。使用這些收發晶片實作的 16 單元全數位相位陣列雷達模組可任意調控基頻波形，與數位化校正每個輻射單元振幅與相位的確定性誤差。此論文提出的 16 單元相位陣列雷達模組之體積為 31.7×14.9×7.46 cm3。操作於脈衝雷達模式下，此可由軟體定義的相位陣列雷達模組可同時辨別距離和方位角的資訊，並可在
150 毫秒內繪製最大距離為 1 公里的距離 ─ 方位角圖。綜上所述，系統單晶片整合與模組封裝大幅縮小了系統尺寸，並降低製造成本與促進相位陣列系統的普及。
第二個晶片是 6.5–9.65-GHz 可程式增益放大器，此晶片實現了25.7 dB 的功率增益、20.7 dBm 的飽和功率、20.1% 的功率附加效率、-8 dBm 的輸入參考 1-dB 增益壓縮點和 0.8 dBm 的三階輸入參考截點。此外，使用這些放大器晶片實作的 144 單元衛星相位陣列發射機可提供高達每秒八億位元的16-APSK 調變訊號，並在100 瓦總功耗下提供 58-dBm 的等效全向輻射功率。

Phased array systems have steadily developed over the past hundred years. Under radiating elements’ synchronous excitation, phased array approaches can provide electronic steering and array gain enhancement. The rapid-scanning attribute makes phased array an appealing strategy for electronic warfare, satellite communication, and spatial surveillance. Nevertheless, the cost and portability of phased array products restrict their popularity. We can categorize possible tactics of reaching reasonable and portable phased arrays into system-on-chip (SoC) integration and module packag-ing from state-of-the-art works.

This dissertation discusses the design and implementation of two X-band CMOS chips for phased-array applications in 65-nm CMOS technology, including an 8–10-GHz transceiver SoC and a 6.5–9.65-GHz CMOS pro-grammable gain amplifier. The first chip, an 8–10-GHz transceiver, equips analog filtering, frequency mixing, and clock synchronizing with the pro-posed periodic pulse injection technique. Moreover, the implemented 16-element digital phased array module using these transceiver chips accom-plishes arbitrary baseband waveform weighting and calibrates each radi-ating element’s deterministic magnitude and phase error. Under pulsed radar configuration, software-defined phased array radar modules simul-taneously perform range sensing and azimuth recognition. The 16-element pulsed radar demonstrator can capture an entire range-azimuth plot with a 1-km maximum distance within 150 ms. To summarize, CMOS SoC inte-gration and module packaging reduce system form factor, lower the cost and promote ubiquity of phased array system.

The second chip, a 6.5–9.65-GHz CMOS programmable gain amplifier, achieves a power gain of 25.7 dB, saturated power of 20.7 dBm, power added efficiency of 20.1%, input-referred P1dB of -8 dBm and I IP3 of 0.8 dBm. Moreover, the implemented 144-element satellite phased-array transmitter using these PGA chips supports up to 800 Mbps 16-APSK modulated signals and provides 58-dBm equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) under 100-W total power consumption.

Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Thesis Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 An X-Band Transceiver for Digital Phased Array Radar 5
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Architecture of the Reported Radar Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Implementation of the Proposed X-Band Transceiver SoC . . . . . . . 10
2.3.1 LO Distributor and Quadrature Clock Generator . . . . . . . 11
2.3.2 Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3.3 Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4 Integration of the Reported Radar Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.1 Packaging for Radiating Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.2 Assembly for 16-Element Radar Module . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.5 Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.5.1 CMOS Transceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.5.2 Radar Measurement for 16-Element Radar Module . . . . . . 41
3 An X-Band Programmable Gain Amplifier for Phased Array Transmitter 47
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.2 Implementation of the Programmable Gain Amplifier . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2.1 Analysis of the Power Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2.2 Circuit Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3 Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4 Conclusion and Future Work 81
4.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.2 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

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