在思覺失調症的負性症狀中，喜樂不能（anhedonia）表示患者無法感受到愉悅情緒，然而許多研究指出患者當下可以感受到愉悅情緒，但是無法預期未來的事件是有趣的，此預期能力涉及患者動機之缺陷。後續研究把喜樂不能細分成即時性愉悅感（consummatory pleasure）和預期性愉悅感（anticipatory pleasure），研究思覺失調症患者「喜歡」與「想要」之腦神經機制。本研究共有負性症狀組18位與正常控制組17位，透過功能性磁振造影技術，利用金錢酬賞延遲作業，以2（組別：思覺失調患者/正常控制組）× 3（酬賞類型：無/金錢/幽默圖片）二因子混合設計，探討思覺失調患者與一般人在預期性愉悅感（想要程度）和即時性愉悅感（愉悅程度）的大腦活化差異。fMRI結果顯示在預期階段，相對於患者，一般人對金錢酬賞的預期活化在伏隔核（NAcc）、中腦（midbrain）、前扣帶迴（ACC）、眼眶額葉皮質（OFC）和背外側前額葉皮質（dlPFC）；相對於一般人，患者對幽默獎勵的預期活化在尾狀核（caudate body）、前扣帶迴（ACC）、眼眶額葉皮質（OFC）和背外側前額葉皮質（dlPFC）。在獲得酬賞階段，患者和一般人獲得幽默酬賞時，杏仁核（amygdala）和中腦（midbrain）的活化無顯著差異，顯示喜樂不能症狀的患者仍有感受愉悅情緒的能力。然而，在幽默理解部分，一般人在背外側前額葉皮質（dlPFC）和顳頂葉聯合區（TPJ）的活化程度顯著大於患者，可能表示患者的社會認知功能與執行功能有障礙。本研究結果支持喜樂不能症狀的患者仍有感受愉悅情緒的能力，而且可以理解幽默圖片，未來可進一步利用幽默進行患者社會認知與互動的訓練，改善患者的負性症狀。

Negative symptoms are associated with neurocognitive deficits and contribute to poor functional recovery in people with schizophrenia. Patients with anhedonia, which is one of the negative symptoms, have lost interest in attending activities and have a decreased ability to feel pleasure. However, many studies indicated that people with schizophrenia could experience pleasure in-the-moment, but have difficulties in anticipating whether future events will be pleasurable. The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate brain activation in patients with anhedonia and healthy controls during reward anticipation and receipt. A total of 18 patients and 17 controls completed a modified version of the monetary incentive delay task (MID) offering three types of rewards (money, humor or non-reward). Controls showed significantly greater activation than people with schizophrenia in nucleus accumbens (NAcc), midbrain, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during the anticipation of monetary rewards. Patients revealed the increased activity in caudate body, ACC, OFC and dlPFC during the anticipation of humor rewards. The groups did not differ in the activation of amygdala (AMG) and midbrain when receiving humor rewards, indicating that patients with anhedonia had a pleasant feel. However, patients had less activation of dlPFC and temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) than control group in humor comprehension, possibly indicating that patients had difficulties in social cognition and execution. In conclusion, the study indicated that patients with anhedonia had abilities not only to experience pleasure, but also to understand and appreciate humor.

中文摘要------------------------------------------iii
英文摘要------------------------------------------iv
目錄----------------------------------------------v
表次----------------------------------------------vii
圖次----------------------------------------------viii
第一章 研究動機與目的-----------------------------1
第二章 文獻回顧----------------------------------3
第一節 思覺失調症--------------------------------3
第二節 思覺失調症患者的喜樂不能症狀研究------------8
第三節 思覺失調患者動機與情緒經驗之整合討論--------18
第四節 思覺失調症患者之社會認知與幽默情緒經驗------19
第三章 思覺失調患者的情緒與動機之行為研究----------22
第一節 研究目的---------------------------------22
第二節 研究假設---------------------------------22
第三節 實驗方法---------------------------------22
一 參與者-------------------------------------22
二 研究工具-----------------------------------23
三 實驗設計-----------------------------------24
四 實驗材料-----------------------------------24
五 實驗流程-----------------------------------24
第四節 實驗結果---------------------------------26
第五節 小節-------------------------------------33
第四章 思覺失調患者的情緒與動機fMRI研究------------35
第一節 研究目的----------------------------------35
第二節 研究假設----------------------------------35
第三節 實驗方法----------------------------------36
一 參與者-------------------------------------36
二 研究工具-----------------------------------36
三 實驗設計-----------------------------------37
四 實驗材料-----------------------------------37
五 實驗流程-----------------------------------37
六 影像擷取-----------------------------------38
七 影像分析-----------------------------------39
第四節 實驗結果----------------------------------41
第五節 小節-------------------------------------56
第五章、綜合討論----------------------------------58
第一節 思覺失調患者的情緒經驗--------------------58
第二節 思覺失調患者的動機------------------------59
第三節 動機與情緒在思覺失調症喜樂不能症狀的討論----62
第四節 思覺失調患者的社會認知功能-----------------64
第六章、建議--------------------------------------66
第一節 研究貢獻與臨床應用------------------------66
第二節 研究限制---------------------------------67
第三節 未來研究方向-----------------------------68
參考文獻-----------------------------------------70

丁凡（譯）（2011）。精神分裂症完全手冊-給病患、家屬及助人者的實用指南（原作者： Fuller Torrey）。台北：心靈工坊。（原著出版年：2006）
陳俐樺、張鳳琴、簡以嘉與戴桂英（2016）。 [思覺失調症醫療給付改善方案] 成效探討-以台灣北部某精神專科醫院為例。台灣公共衛生雜誌，35(2)，173-186。
游恆山（譯）（2017）。臨床心理學（第二版）（原作者： Timothy J. Trull & Mitchell J. Prinstein）。台北：心理出版社。（原著出版年：2012）
黃宗正、劉智民、劉震鐘、謝明憲、簡意玲與胡海國（2011）。精神分裂症的臨床與精神病理。台灣醫學，15(4)，365-374。
蔡振家（2017）。音樂認知心理學。台北：國立臺灣大學出版中心。
黎士鳴與陳秋榛（譯）（2011）。精神分裂症：認知理論、研究與治療（原作者： Aaron T. Beck、Neil A. Rector、Neal Stolar & Paul Grant）。台北：心理出版社。（原著出版年：2008）
鄭若瑟、何海、張景瑞、藍先元與胡海國（1995）。活性與負性症狀量表 (PANSS)：中文版本建立及信度研究。中華精神醫學，10，251-258。
蔣世光、花茂棽、陳震宇、平烈勇與趙建剛（2016）。住院慢性思覺失調症病患臨床症狀因素結構和其剖面的探索性研究。中華心理學刊，58(1)，1-18。
Ambroggi, F., Ishikawa, A., Fields, H. L., & Nicola, S. M. (2008). Basolateral amygdala neurons facilitate reward-seeking behavior by exciting nucleus accumbens neurons. Neuron, 59(4), 648-661.
Amir, O., Biederman, I., Wang, Z., & Xu, X. (2013). Ha Ha! Versus Aha! A direct comparison of humor to nonhumorous insight for determining the neural correlates of mirth. Cerebral Cortex, 25, 1405–1413.
Andreasen, N.C. (1982). Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: definition and reliability. Archives of general psychiatry, 39(7), 784-788.
Andreasen, N.C. (1983) The scale for the assessment of negative symptoms (SANS). Iowa City: University of Iowa.
Anticevic, A., Van Snellenberg, J. X., Cohen, R. E., Repovs, G., Dowd, E. C., & Barch, D. M. (2010). Amygdala recruitment in schizophrenia in response to aversive emotional material: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Schizophrenia bulletin, 38, 608-621.
Azorin, J. M., Belzeaux, R., & Adida, M. (2014). Negative symptoms in Schizophrenia: where we have been and where we are heading. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 20(9), 801-808.
Barch, D. M. (2005). The relationships among cognition, motivation, and emotion in schizophrenia: how much and how little we know. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 31(4), 875-881.
Barch, D. M., & Ceaser, A. (2012). Cognition in schizophrenia: core psychological and neural mechanisms. Trends in cognitive sciences, 16(1), 27-34.
Barch, D. M., & Dowd, E. C. (2010). Goal representations and motivational drive in schizophrenia: the role of prefrontal–striatal interactions. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(5), 919-934.
Bartolo, A., Benuzzi, F., Nocetti, L., Baraldi, P., & Nichelli, P. (2006). Humor comprehension and appreciation: an FMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(11), 1789-1798.
Barrett, L. F. (2009). The future of psychology: Connecting mind to brain. Perspectives on psychological science, 4(4), 326-339.
Berridge, K. C. (2004). Motivation concepts in behavioral neuroscience. Physiology & behavior, 81(2), 179-209.
Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (1998). What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?. Brain Research Reviews, 28(3), 309-369.
Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (2003). Parsing reward. Trends in neurosciences, 26(9),507-513.
Berridge, K. C., Robinson, T. E., & Aldridge, J. W. (2009). Dissecting components of reward: ‘liking’ ,‘wanting’, and learning. Current opinion in pharmacology, 9(1), 65-73.
Blanchard, J. J., Mueser, K. T., & Bellack, A. S. (1998). Anhedonia, positive and negative affect, and social functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(3), 413-424.
Bozikas, V. P., Kosmidis, M. H., Giannakou, M., Anezoulaki, D., Petrikis, P., Fokas, K., & Karavatos, A. (2007). Humor appreciation deficit in schizophrenia: the relevance of basic neurocognitive functioning. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 195(4), 325-331.
Burbridge, J. A., & Barch, D. M. (2007). Anhedonia and the experience of emotion in individuals with schizophrenia. Journal of abnormal psychology, 116(1), 30.
Cai, C., Yu, L., Rong, L., & Zhong, H. (2014). Effectiveness of humor intervention for patients with schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of psychiatric research, 59, 174-178.
Chan, Y. C., Chou, T. L., Chen, H. C., & Liang, K. C. (2012). Segregating the comprehension and elaboration processing of verbal jokes: an fMRI study. Neuroimage, 61(4), 899-906.
Chan, Y. C., Chou, T. L., Chen, H. C., Yeh, Y. C., Lavallee, J. P., Liang, K. C., & Chang, K. E. (2013). Towards a neural circuit model of verbal humor processing: An fMRI study of the neural substrates of incongruity detection and resolution. Neuroimage, 66, 169-176.
Chan, Y. C., & Lavallee, J. P. (2015). Temporo-parietal and fronto-parietal lobe contributions to theory of mind and executive control: an fMRI study of verbal jokes. Frontiers in psychology, 6.
Chan, Y. C., Liao, Y. J., Tu, C. H., & Chen, H. C. (2016). Neural Correlates of Hostile Jokes: Cognitive and Motivational Processes in Humor Appreciation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 527.
Choi, K. H., & Kwon, J. H. (2006). Social cognition enhancement training for schizophrenia: a preliminary randomized controlled trial. Community mental health journal, 42(2), 177-187.
Cohen, A. S., & Minor, K. S. (2010). Emotional experience in patients with schizophrenia revisited: meta-analysis of laboratory studies. Schizophrenia bulletin, 36(1), 143-150.
Cole, M. W., & Schneider, W. (2007). The cognitive control network: integrated cortical regions with dissociable functions. Neuroimage, 37(1), 343-360.
Corcoran, R., Cahill, C., & Frith, C. D. (1997). The appreciation of visual jokes in people with schizophrenia: a study of ‘mentalizing’ability. Schizophrenia research, 24(3), 319-327.
Crespo-Facorro, B., Paradiso, S., Andreasen, N. C., O'leary, D. S., Watkins, G. L., Ponto, L. L., & Hichwa, R. D. (2001). Neural mechanisms of anhedonia in schizophrenia: a PET study of response to unpleasant and pleasant odors. Jama, 286(4), 427-435.
Crone, E. A., Wendelken, C., Donohue, S. E., & Bunge, S. A. (2006). Neural evidence for dissociable components of task-switching. Cerebral Cortex, 16(4), 475-486.
Crow, T. J. (1980). Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: more than one disease process?. British medical journal, 280(6207), 66.
Culbreth, A. J., Gold, J. M., Cools, R., & Barch, D. M. (2016). Impaired activation in cognitive control regions predicts reversal learning in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin, 42(2), 484-493.
Daniel, T. A., Katz, J. S., & Robinson, J. L. (2016). Delayed match-to-sample in working memory: A BrainMap meta-analysis. Biological Psychology, 120, 10-20.
Dowd, E. C., & Barch, D. M. (2010). Anhedonia and emotional experience in schizophrenia: neural and behavioral indicators. Biological psychiatry, 67(10), 902-911.
Esslinger, C., Englisch, S., Inta, D., Rausch, F., Schirmbeck, F., Mier, D., ... & Zink, M. (2012). Ventral striatal activation during attribution of stimulus saliency and reward anticipation is correlated in unmedicated first episode schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia research, 140(1-3), 114-121.
Gard, D. E., Gard, M. G., Kring, A. M., & John, O. P. (2006). Anticipatory and consummatory components of the experience of pleasure: a scale development study. Journal of research in personality, 40(6), 1086-1102.
Gard, D. E., Kring, A. M., Gard, M. G., Horan, W. P., & Green, M. F. (2007). Anhedonia in schizophrenia: distinctions between anticipatory and consummatory pleasure. Schizophrenia research, 93(1), 253-260.
Gelkopf, M., Gonen, B., Kurs, R., Melamed, Y., & Bleich, A. (2006). The effect of humorous movies on in patients with chronic schizophrenia. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 194(11), 880-883.
Gold, J. M., Waltz, J. A., Prentice, K. J., Morris, S. E., & Heerey, E. A. (2008). Reward processing in schizophrenia: a deficit in the representation of value. Schizophrenia bulletin, 34(5), 835-847.
Gold, J. M., Strauss, G. P., Waltz, J. A., Robinson, B. M., Brown, J. K., & Frank, M. J. (2013). Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with abnormal effort-cost computations. Biological psychiatry, 74(2), 130-136.
Green, M. F., Horan, W. P., Barch, D. M., & Gold, J. M. (2015). Effort-based decision making: a novel approach for assessing motivation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin, 41(5), 1035-1044.
Green, M. F., Horan, W. P., & Lee, J. (2015). Social cognition in schizophrenia. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(10), 620.
Gur, R. E., McGrath, C., Chan, R. M., Schroeder, L., Turner, T., Turetsky, B. I., Kohler, C., Alsop, S., Maldjian, L., Ragland, J. D., & Gur, R. C. (2002). An fMRI study of facial emotion processing in patients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(12), 1992-1999.
Heckers, S. (2011). Bleuler and the neurobiology of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin, 37(6), 1131-1135.
Hempel, R. J., Tulen, J. H., van Beveren, N. J., van Steenis, H. G., Mulder, P. G., & Hengeveld, M. W. (2005). Physiological responsivity to emotional pictures in schizophrenia. Journal of psychiatric research, 39(5), 509-518.
Holt, D. J., Kunkel, L., Weiss, A. P., Goff, D. C., Wright, C. I., Shin, L. M., Rauch, S. L., Hootnick, J., & Heckers, S. (2006). Increased medial temporal lobe activation during the passive viewing of emotional and neutral facial expressions in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research, 82(2-3), 153-162.
Horan, W. P., Kring, A. M., & Blanchard, J. J. (2006). Anhedonia in schizophrenia: a review of assessment strategies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(2), 259-273.
Horan, W. P., Kring, A. M., Gur, R. E., Reise, S. P., & Blanchard, J. J. (2011). Development and psychometric validation of the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS). Schizophrenia research, 132(2), 140-145.
Ishikawa, A., Ambroggi, F., Nicola, S. M., & Fields, H. L. (2008). Contributions of the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex to incentive cue responding. Neuroscience, 155(3), 573-584.
Jablensky, A. (2010). The diagnostic concept of schizophrenia: its history, evolution, and future prospects. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 12(3), 271.
Juckel, G., Schlagenhauf, F., Koslowski, M., Wüstenberg, T., Villringer, A., Knutson, B., ... & Heinz, A. (2006). Dysfunction of ventral striatal reward prediction in schizophrenia. Neuroimage, 29(2), 409-416.
Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987). The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin, 13(2), 261-276.
Kayser, N., Sarfati, Y., Besche, C., & Hardy-Baylé, M. C. (2006). Elaboration of a rehabilitation method based on a pathogenetic hypothesis of “theory of mind” impairment in schizophrenia. Neuropsychological rehabilitation, 16(1), 83-95.
Keltner, D., & Kring, A. M. (1998). Emotion, social function, and psychopathology. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 320.
Kimhy, D., Yale, S., Goetz, R. R., McFarr, L. M., & Malaspina, D. (2006). The factorial structure of the Schedule For The Deficit Syndrome in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32, 274−278.
Kirsch, P., Ronshausen, S., Mier, D., & Gallhofer, B. (2007). The influence of antipsychotic treatment on brain reward system reactivity in schizophrenia patients. Pharmacopsychiatry, 40(05), 196-198.
Kohn, N., Kellermann, T., Gur, R. C., Schneider, F., & Habel, U. (2011). Gender differences in the neural correlates of humor processing: implications for different processing modes. Neuropsychologia, 49(5), 888-897.
Kring, A. M. (1999). Emotion in Schizophrenia Old Mystery, New Understanding. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8(5), 160-163.
Kring, A. M., & Barch, D. M. (2014). The motivation and pleasure dimension of negative symptoms: Neural substrates and behavioral outputs. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 24(5), 725-736.
Kring, A. M., & Caponigro, J. M. (2010). Emotion in Schizophrenia Where Feeling Meets Thinking. Current directions in psychological science, 19(4), 255-259.
Kring, A. M., & Elis, O. (2013). Emotion deficits in people with schizophrenia. Annual review of clinical psychology, 9, 409-433.
Kring, A. M., Germans Gard, M., & Gard, D. E. (2010). Emotion deficits in schizophrenia: timing matters. Journal of abnormal psychology, 120(1), 79.
Kring, A. M., & Neale, J. M. (1996). Do schizophrenic patients show a disjunctive relationship among expressive, experiential, and psychophysiological components of emotion? Journal of abnormal psychology, 105(2), 249.
Kringelbach, M. L., & Rolls, E. T. (2003). Neural correlates of rapid reversal learning in a simple model of human social interaction. Neuroimage, 20(2), 1371-1383.
Langdon, R., & Ward, P. (2009). Taking the perspective of the other contributes to awareness of illness in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin, 35(5), 1003-1011.
Li, M., & Spaulding, W. D. (Eds.). (2016). The Neuropsychopathology of Schizophrenia: Molecules, Brain Systems, Motivation, and Cognition (Vol. 63). Springer.
Liu, C. M. (2017). Developing Drugs for Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia. Taiwanese Journal of Psychiatry, 31(2), 115-127.
Lutz, K., & Widmer, M. (2014). what can the monetary incentive delay task tell us about the neural processing of reward and punishment?. Neuroscience & Neuroeconomicss, 3, 33-45.
Mahler, S. V., & Berridge, K. C. (2009). Which cue to “want?” Central amygdala opioid activation enhances and focuses incentive salience on a prepotent reward cue. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(20), 6500-6513.
Malaspina, D., Walsh-Messinger, J., Gaebel, W., Smith, L. M., Gorun, A., Prudent, V., Antonius, A., & Trémeau, F. (2014). Negative symptoms, past and present: a historical perspective and moving to DSM-5. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 24(5), 710-724.
Marjoram, D., Job, D. E., Whalley, H. C., Gountouna, V. E., McIntosh, A. M., Simonotto, E., ... & Lawrie, S. (2006). A visual joke fMRI investigation into Theory of Mind and enhanced risk of schizophrenia. Neuroimage, 31(4), 1850-1858.
Mathews, J., & Barch, D. (2004). Episodic memory for emotional and nonemotional words in schizophrenia. Cognition and Emotion, 18(6), 721-740.
Messinger, J. W., Trémeau, F., Antonius, D., Mendelsohn, E., Prudent, V., Stanford, A. D., & Malaspina, D. (2011). Avolition and expressive deficits capture negative symptom phenomenology: implications for DSM-5 and schizophrenia research. Clinical psychology review, 31(1), 161-168.
Millan, M. J., Fone, K., Steckler, T., & Horan, W. P. (2014). Negative symptoms of schizophrenia: clinical characteristics, pathophysiological substrates, experimental models and prospects for improved treatment. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 24(5), 645-692.
Minzenberg, M. J., Laird, A. R., Thelen, S., Carter, C. S., & Glahn, D. C. (2009). Meta-analysis of 41 functional neuroimaging studies of executive function in schizophrenia. Archives of general psychiatry, 66(8), 811-822.
Mobbs, D., Greicius, M. D., Abdel-Azim, E., Menon, V., & Reiss, A. L. (2003). Humor modulates the mesolimbic reward centers. Neuron, 40(5), 1041-1048.
Moberg, P. J., Arnold, S. E., Doty, R. L., Kohler, C., Kanes, S., Seigel, S., Gur R. E., & Turetsky, B. I. (2003). Impairment of odor hedonics in men with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(10), 1784-1789.
Moskowitz, A., & Heim, G. (2011). Eugen Bleuler's dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias (1911):a centenary appreciation and reconsideration. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(3), 471-479.
Nakaya, M., & Ohmori, K. (2008). A two-factor structure for the Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 158, 256−259.
Nielsen, M. Ø., Rostrup, E., Wulff, S., Bak, N., Lublin, H., Kapur, S., & Glenthøj, B. (2012). Alterations of the brain reward system in antipsychotic naive schizophrenia patients. Biological psychiatry, 71(10), 898-905.
O’Doherty, J. P. (2004). Reward representations and reward-related learning in the human brain: insights from neuroimaging. Current opinion in neurobiology, 14(6), 769-776.
O'doherty, J., Dayan, P., Schultz, J., Deichmann, R., Friston, K., & Dolan, R. J. (2004). Dissociable roles of ventral and dorsal striatum in instrumental conditioning. science, 304(5669), 452-454.
Pecina, S., & Berridge, K. C. (2005). Hedonic hot spot in nucleus accumbens shell: where do μ-opioids cause increased hedonic impact of sweetness?. Journal of neuroscience, 25(50), 11777-11786.
Penn, D. L., Roberts, D. L., Combs, D., & Sterne, A. (2007). Best practices: the development of the social cognition and interaction training program for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatric services, 58(4), 449-451.
Peralta, V., & Cuesta, M. J. (2011). Eugen Bleuler and the schizophrenias: 100 years after. Schizophrenia bulletin, 37(6), 1118-1120.
Pessoa, L. (2008). On the relationship between emotion and cognition. Nature reviews neuroscience, 9(2), 148.
Pessoa, L., & Adolphs, R. (2010). Emotion processing and the amygdala: from a 'low road' to 'many roads' of evaluating biological significance. Nature reviews neuroscience, 11(11), 773.
Polimeni, J. O., Campbell, D. W., Gill, D., Sawatzky, B. L., & Reiss, J. P. (2010). Diminished humour perception in schizophrenia: relationship to social and cognitive functioning. Journal of psychiatric research, 44(7), 434-440.
Polimeni, J., & Reiss, J. P. (2006). Humor perception deficits in schizophrenia. Psychiatry research, 141(2), 229-232.
Reske, M., Kellermann, T., Habel, U., Shah, N. J., Backes, V., von Wilmsdorff, M., Stöcker, T., Gaebel, W., & Schneider, F. (2007). Stability of emotional dysfunctions? A long-term fMRI study in first-episode schizophrenia. Journal of psychiatric research, 41(11), 918-927.
Samson, A. C., & Hegenloh, M. (2010). Stimulus characteristics affect humor processing in individuals with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(4), 438-447.
Samson, A. C., Zysset, S., & Huber, O. (2008). Cognitive humor processing: different logical mechanisms in nonverbal cartoons—an fMRI study. Social neuroscience, 3(2), 125-140.
Schneider, F., Habel, U., Reske, M., Toni, I., Falkai, P., & Shah, N. J. (2007). Neural substrates of olfactory processing in schizophrenia patients and their healthy relatives. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 155(2), 103-112.
Schneider, F., Weiss, U., Kessler, C., Salloum, J. B., Posse, S., Grodd, W., & Müller-Gärtner, H. W. (1998). Differential amygdala activation in schizophrenia during sadness. Schizophrenia research, 34(3), 133-142.
Schultz, W. (2016). Dopamine reward prediction error coding. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 18(1), 23.
Schultz, W. (2007). Multiple dopamine functions at different time courses. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 30, 259-288.
Schultz, W., Dayan, P., & Montague, P. R. (1997). A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science, 275(5306), 1593-1599.
Simon, J. J., Biller, A., Walther, S., Roesch-Ely, D., Stippich, C., Weisbrod, M., & Kaiser, S. (2010). Neural correlates of reward processing in schizophrenia—relationship to apathy and depression. Schizophrenia research, 118(1), 154-161.
Spreckelmeyer, K. N., Krach, S., Kohls, G., Rademacher, L., Irmak, A., Konrad, K., Kircher, T., & Gründer, G. (2009). Anticipation of monetary and social reward differently activates mesolimbic brain structures in men and women. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, nsn051.
Takahashi, H., Koeda, M., Oda, K., Matsuda, T., Matsushima, E., Matsuura, M., Asai, K., & Okubo, Y. (2004). An fMRI study of differential neural response to affective pictures in schizophrenia. Neuroimage, 22(3), 1247-1254.
Taylor, S. F., Kang, J., Brege, I. S., Tso, I. F., Hosanagar, A., & Johnson, T. D. (2012). Meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of emotion perception and experience in schizophrenia. Biological psychiatry, 71(2), 136-145.
Taylor, S. F., Phan, K. L., Britton, J. C., & Liberzon, I. (2005). Neural response to emotional salience in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30(5), 984.
Trémeau, F., Antonius, D., Cacioppo, J. T., Ziwich, R., Jalbrzikowski, M., Saccente, E., Silipo, G., Butler, G., & Javitt, D. (2009). In support of Bleuler: objective evidence for increased affective ambivalence in schizophrenia based upon evocative testing. Schizophrenia research, 107(2-3), 223-231.
Tricomi, E. M., Delgado, M. R., & Fiez, J. A. (2004). Modulation of caudate activity by action contingency. Neuron, 41(2), 281-292.
Tsoi, D. Y., Lee, K. H., Gee, K. A., Holden, K. L., Parks, R. W., & Woodruff, P. W. (2008). Humour experience in schizophrenia: relationship with executive dysfunction and psychosocial impairment. Psychological medicine, 38(06), 801-810.
Volz, M., Hamm, A. O., Kirsch, P., & Rey, E. R. (2003). Temporal course of emotional startle modulation in schizophrenia patients. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 49(2), 123-137.
Wacker, J., Dillon, D. G., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2009). The role of the nucleus accumbens and rostral anterior cingulate cortex in anhedonia: integration of resting EEG, fMRI, and volumetric techniques. Neuroimage, 46(1), 327-337.
Walter, H., Kammerer, H., Frasch, K., Spitzer, M., & Abler, B. (2009). Altered reward functions in patients on atypical antipsychotic medication in line with the revised dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology, 206(1), 121-132.
Waltz, J. A., Schweitzer, J. B., Gold, J. M., Kurup, P. K., Ross, T. J., Salmeron, B. J., Rose, E. J., McClure, S. M., & Stein, E. A. (2009). Patients with schizophrenia have a reduced neural response to both unpredictable and predictable primary reinforcers. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34(6), 1567-1577.
Ward, R. D., Simpson, E. H., Richards, V. L., Deo, G., Taylor, K., Glendinning, J. I., Kandel, E. K., & Balsam, P. D. (2012). Dissociation of hedonic reaction to reward and incentive motivation in an animal model of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology, 37(7), 1699.
Williams, L. M., Das, P., Harris, A. W., Liddell, B. B., Brammer, M. J., Olivieri, G., ... & Gordon, E. (2004). Dysregulation of arousal and amygdala-prefrontal systems in paranoid schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(3), 480-489.
Wise, R. A. (1982). Neuroleptics and operant behavior: the anhedonia hypothesis. Behavioral and brain sciences, 5(01), 39-53.
Yin, H. H., & Knowlton, B. J. (2006). The role of the basal ganglia in habit formation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7(6), 464.
Zald, D. H. (2003). The human amygdala and the emotional evaluation of sensory stimuli. Brain Research Reviews, 41(1), 88-123.