本人的博士論文主要研究著重於觀察多層膜結構中之薄膜Al-Cu- Fe準晶。研究目的是為了增廣我們對準晶生長機制及準晶在加熱和冷卻過程中階段性相變的了解。首先，我們透過磁性濺鍍沉積Al，Cu和Fe，再嘗試利用最佳退火條件形成薄膜Al-Cu-Fe準晶。我們發現退火的步驟和持續時間對準晶的形成構造和生長性能有顯著的影響，接者運用納米壓痕測試以測量薄膜的硬度，並且量測接觸角度以計算表面能量。研究顯示，持續較長時間的退火過程（15小時）增加了準晶的結晶度，並產生最大硬度（~11 GPa）和最高接觸角（127°）；我們試著分析研究結果後發現準晶的生長性能及表面能量和相變的過程有著密不可分的關係，這樣的研究結果促使我們想更進一步去觀察準晶從RT到800°C的相變過程。利用原位XRD和原位TEM技術量測，可以使我們在加熱和冷卻的過程中直接觀察到準晶薄膜的相變過程，量測結果表明在加熱過程中三元相的熱力比二元相更加穩定，並且得知準晶形成發生在冷卻過程中，特別是在樣品變成液態後的660℃。利用高解析度XRD, 我們證明繞射峰的寬度隨著散射向量(G∥)增加，但和phason momentum (G⏊)並無關係。此分析確定了我們確實觀察到準晶而非approximant crystals而且幾乎沒有phason 應變。 為了更瞭解其穩定機制，我們研究了Al-Cu-Fe之多層膜之升溫降溫過程之環境、鄰近原子以及配位數，藉著in-situ X-ray 吸收光譜，我們釐清了在高溫下，ω-Al7Cu2Fe 與液態之相轉變以及在降溫過程形成準晶的過程。藉著分析在700°C 和 800°C 下之XAFS數據，我們觀察到Cu-Cu原子間距大幅增加，Cu之第二殼層遷移至第四殼層。在降溫過程中，藉著改變Fe,Cu原子間距、配位數以及原子周遭環境距形成準晶相。在冷卻的過程中，Fe的配位數大幅改變且兩殼層、配位數為4和5的Al原子結合成一圓子間距較小的單一殼層(配位數=9)。總合來說，在這個研究中，我們用了不同的技術來研究準晶的形成以及其物理性質，此研究給予了準晶相關研究領域清晰的描繪並對準晶奈米材料的合成提供一個更好地理解。

The research described in this doctoral thesis involves an experimental investigation of thin film Al-Cu-Fe quasicrystal growth from a multilayer structure. The aim was to extend our knowledge about the growth mechanism and phase evolution during the heating and cooling process. First, we investigate the best annealing process to form the thin quasicrystal after depositing Al, Cu and Fe by magnetron sputtering. We show that the steps and duration of annealing have a significant impact on the formation and mechanical properties of QCs. Nanoindentation tests were conducted to measure the hardness of the thin films, and contact angle measurements were taken to measure the surface energy. Our study shows that a longer duration annealing process (15 hours) increased the amount of crystallinity of QC and yields the greatest hardness (~11 GPa) and the highest contact angle (127°). Our analysis showed that the mechanical properties and surface energy were strongly related to the phases. These results led us to investigate the phase evolution from RT to 800°C. Using in-situ XRD and in-situ TEM techniques which enable a direct observation of phase formations in the QC thin film during heating and cooling. Our analyses showed that the ternary phase is more thermodynamically stable compared to the binary phases during the heating process. We demonstrate that QC formation occurs during the cooling process, specifically at 660°C, after the sample reached a liquid state. Using high resolution XRD, we showed that the peak broadening increases monotonically with the physical scattering vector (G∥) but does not have systematic dependence on the phason momentum (G⏊). This analysis confirms that indeed we have observed the QC instead of approximant crystals and it is almost free of phason strain. To further understand the stabilizing mechanism, we study the local environment, neighboring atoms and coordination numbers (CNs), for a Al-Cu-Fe multilayer during heating and cooling. With in-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), we clarified the transition of the ω- Al7Cu2Fe phase to a liquid state at a high temperature which transformed into the QC phase during cooling. By analyzing the XAFS data between 700°C and 800°C, we observed a dramatic increase in atomic distance between Cu-Cu, in which Cu in the second shell relocated to the fourth shell. During the cooling process the QC phase formed by changing the atomic distances, CNs and atomic environments of Cu and Fe. The CN for Fe was changed significantly during the cooling down process and two shells of Al atoms with CN= 4 and 5 combined into a single shell (CN=9) with smaller atomic distances (Fe-Al). Overall, in this
study, we used different techniques to investigate the formation as well as the physical properties to give a clear picture of QC which could provide a better understanding of the synthesis of functional QC nanomaterials.

Contents

CHAPTER 1 1
INTRODUCTION 1
2.1 History 3
2.2 Structure and different types of QC 6
2.2.1 One Dimensional Quasicrystal: 7
2.2.2 Two-dimensional Quasiperiodic Structures and the Penrose Pattern 10
2.3.3 Three-Dimensional Quasicrystal: 12
2.4 Different types of Icosahedral QC families 13
2.5 Metastable quasicrystals 14
2.6 Different types of stable quasicrystal: 17
2.6.1 Al–Cu–Fe system 17
2.7 Stabilization mechanism of IQCs (entropy vs. energy). 22
2.8 Hume-Rothery conditions in stable IQCs 31
2.9 Al-Cu-Fe quasicrystal in thin film 34
2.10 The Al–Cu–Fe system and quasicrystalline phase formation 38
2.11 Properties of Al–Cu–Fe quasicrystals 44
2.12 Overview of the Thesis 46
CHAPTER 3 47
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 47
3.1 Sample fabrication 48
3.1.1 Magnetron sputtering system 48
3.1.2 Annealing system 48
3.2 Structure characterization 49
3.2.1 X-ray diffraction 49
3.2.2 Transmission electron microscope 50
3.3 In-Situ XRD analysis at Synchrotron radiation 51
3.3.1 In-Situ XRD Chamber 51
3.3.2 Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction beamline 52
3.4 In-Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy TEM 53
3.5 X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) 54
3.6 Instruments for measuring the mechanical properties 55
3.6.1 Nanoindentation (Hardness) test 55
3.6.2 Contact angle test (Wetting test) 57
CHAPTER 4 58
Mechanical and surface properties of Al-Cu-Fe quasicrystal thin films 58
4.1 Purpose of study 58
4.2 Experimental details 62
4.3 Results 64
4.4 Conclusions 72
CHAPTER 5 74
Direct observation of growth and stability of Al-Cu-Fe quasicrystal thin films 74
5.1 Purpose of study 74
5.2 Experimental details 76
5.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 81
5.3.1 Formation of Al-Cu binary phases 81
5.3.2 Formation of Al-Cu-Fe ternary phases 84
5.3.3 Liquid state and nucleation of QC during cooling down 86
5.3.4 Effect of thermodynamic aspects on quasicrystal growth mechanism 88
5.4 CONCLUSIONS 92
CHAPTER 6 93
In-Situ observation of local atomic structure of Al-Cu-Fe quasicrystal formation 93
6.1 Purpose of study 93
6.2 Experimental details 95
6.2.1 Thin film preparation and characterization 95
6.2.2 X-ray absorption measurements and analyses 96
6.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 97
6.3.1 FDMNES Simulation 97
6.3.2 Formation of Al-Cu binary phase 101
6.3.3 The XAS analysis for Al-Cu binary phase 102
6.3.4 Formation of Al-Cu-Fe ternary phase 103
6.3.5 The XAS analysis for the Al-Cu-Fe ternary phase (470°C to 700°C) 104
6.3.6 Liquid state and formation of quasicrystal during cooling down 106
6.3.7 XAS analysis for the Liquid state and quasicrystal 107
6.4 Conclusion 113
CHAPTER 7 115
Conclusion and Perspectives 115
7.1 Mechanical and surface properties of Aluminum-Copper-Iron quasicrystal thin films 115
7.2 Direct observation of growth and stability of Al-Cu-Fe quasicrystal thin films 116
7.3 In-Situ observation of local atomic structure of Al-Cu-Fe quasicrystal formation 116
Bibliography 119

[1] R. A. Al Ajlouni, "The global long-range order of quasi-periodic patterns in Islamic architecture," Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations of Crystallography, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 235-243, 2012.
[2] R. Penrose, "The role of aesthetics in pure and applied mathematical research," Bull. Inst. Math. Appl., vol. 10, pp. 266-271, 1974.
[3] D. Shechtman, I. Blech, D. Gratias, and J. W. Cahn, "Metallic phase with long-range orientational order and no translational symmetry," Physical review letters, vol. 53, no. 20, p. 1951, 1984.
[4] D. Levine and P. J. Steinhardt, "Quasicrystals: a new class of ordered structures,"
Physical review letters, vol. 53, no. 26, p. 2477, 1984.
[5] I. Commission, "Report of the Executive Committee for 1991," Acta Cryst. A, vol. 48, p. 922, 1992.
[6] P. Bak, "Icosahedral crystals: Where are the atoms?," Physical review letters, vol. 56, no. 8, p. 861, 1986.
[7] N. G. de Bruijn, "Algebraic theory of Penrose’s non-periodic tilings of the plane," Kon. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Proc. Ser. A, vol. 43, no. 84, pp. 1-7, 1981.
[8] Z. M. Stadnik, Physical properties of quasicrystals. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
[9] T. Ishimasa, "Crystal structure of Al67PdnMni4Si7; approximant for the Al-Pd-Mn icosahedral phase," Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, vol. 213, pp. 168-173, 1998.
[10] E. Abe, "Electron microscopy of quasicrystals–where are the atoms?," Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 41, no. 20, pp. 6787-6798, 2012.
[11] A.-P. Tsai and C. Cui, "Crystal Growth of Quasicrystals," in Handbook of Crystal Growth (Second Edition): Elsevier, 2015, pp. 1113-1156.
[12] G. Bergman, J. L. Waugh, and L. Pauling, "Crystal structure of the intermetallic compound Mg32 (AI, Zn) 49 and related phases," Nature, vol. 169, no. 4312, p. 1057, 1952.
[13] G. Bergman, J. L. Waugh, and L. Pauling, "The crystal structure of the metallic phase Mg32 (Al, Zn) 49," Acta Crystallographica, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 254-259, 1957.
[14] A. Mackay, "A dense non‐crystallographic packing of equal spheres," Acta Crystallographica, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 916-918, 1962.
[15] A. Tsai, J. Guo, E. Abe, H. Takakura, and T. Sato, "Alloys: A stable binary quasicrystal," Nature, vol. 408, no. 6812, p. 537, 2000.
[16] H. Takakura, C. P. Gómez, A. Yamamoto, M. De Boissieu, and A. P. Tsai, "Atomic structure of the binary icosahedral Yb–Cd quasicrystal," Nature materials, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 58, 2007.
[17] P. Guyot and M. Audier, "Quasicrystals and atomic clusters," Comptes Rendus Physique, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 12-17, 2014.
[18] G. T. de Laissardière, D. Nguyen-Manh, and D. Mayou, "Electronic structure of complex Hume-Rothery phases and quasicrystals in transition metal aluminides," Progress in Materials Science, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 679-788, 2005.
[19] A. Goldman and R. Kelton, "Quasicrystals and crystalline approximants," Reviews of modern physics, vol. 65, no. 1, p. 213, 1993.
[20] G. Kreiner and H. Franzen, "The crystal structure of λ-Al4Mn," Journal of alloys and compounds, vol. 261, no. 1-2, pp. 83-104, 1997.
[21] A.-P. Tsai, A. Inoue, and T. Masumoto, "A stable quasicrystal in Al-Cu-Fe system,"
Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 26, no. 9A, p. L1505, 1987.
[22] J.-M. Dubois, Useful quasicrystals. World Scientific, 2005.

[23] V. Elser and C. L. Henley, "Crystal and quasicrystal structures in Al-Mn-Si alloys,"
Physical review letters, vol. 55, no. 26, p. 2883, 1985.
[24] K. Sugiyama, N. Kaji, and K. Hiraga, "Re-refinement of α-(AlMnSi)," Acta Crystallographica Section C: Crystal Structure Communications, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 445-447, 1998.
[25] A.-P. Tsai, A. Inoue, and T. Masumoto, "Preparation of a new Al-Cu-Fe quasicrystal with large grain sizes by rapid solidification," Journal of materials science letters, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 1403-1405, 1987.
[26] B. Grushko and T. Y. Velikanova, "Stable and metastable quasicrystals in Al-based alloy systems with transition metals," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 367, no. 1-2, pp. 58-63, 2004.
[27] B. Leskovar, S. Šturm, Z. Samardžija, B. Ambrožič, B. Markoli, and I. Naglič, "Epitaxial growth of a metastable icosahedral quasicrystal on a stable icosahedral quasicrystal substrate," Scripta Materialia, vol. 150, pp. 92-95, 2018.
[28] A.-P. Tsai, "Discovery of stable icosahedral quasicrystals: progress in understanding structure and properties," Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 5352-5365, 2013.
[29] Y. Calvayrac, A. Quivy, M. Bessiere, S. Lefebvre, M. Cornier-Quiquandon, and D. Gratias, "Icosahedral AlCuFe alloys: towards ideal quasicrystals," Journal de Physique, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 417-431, 1990.
[30] A. Bradley and H. Goldschmidt, "An x-ray study of slowly cooled iron-copper- aluminium alloys--Part I. Alloys rich in iron and copper," J Inst Met, vol. 65, pp. 389- 401, 1939.
[31] D. Shechtman and I. Blech, "The microstructure of rapidly solidified Al 6 Mn,"
Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 1005-1012, 1985.
[32] L. Pauling, "Evidence from electron micrographs that icosahedral quasicrystals are icosahedral twins of cubic crystals," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 87, no. 20, pp. 7849-7850, 1990.
[33] P. W. Stephens and A. I. Goldman, "Sharp diffraction maxima from an icosahedral glass," Physical review letters, vol. 56, no. 11, p. 1168, 1986.
[34] A. Goldman, "Icosahedral Glass Models for Quasicrystals," in Bond-orientational order in condensed matter systems: Springer, 1992, pp. 341-380.
[35] A. Yamamoto, H. Takakura, and A. P. Tsai, "Six-dimensional model of icosahedral Al- Pd-Mn quasicrystals," Physical Review B, vol. 68, no. 9, p. 094201, 2003.
[36] D. Gratias, F. Puyraimond, M. Quiquandon, and A. Katz, "Atomic clusters in icosahedral F-type quasicrystals," Physical Review B, vol. 63, no. 2, p. 024202, 2000.
[37] E. Abe, S. Pennycook, and A. Tsai, "Direct observation of a local thermal vibration anomaly in a quasicrystal," Nature, vol. 421, no. 6921, p. 347, 2003.
[38] W. Steurer, "Twenty years of structure research on quasicrystals. Part I. Pentagonal, octagonal, decagonal and dodecagonal quasicrystals," Zeitschrift für Kristallographie- Crystalline Materials, vol. 219, no. 7, pp. 391-446, 2004.
[39] D. David, Quasicrystals: The State Of The Art. World Scientific, 1991.
[40] T. Dotera and P. J. Steinhardt, "Ising-like transition and phason unlocking in icosahedral quasicrystals," Physical review letters, vol. 72, no. 11, p. 1670, 1994.
[41] P. J. Steinhardt, H.-C. Jeong, K. Saitoh, M. Tanaka, E. Abe, and A. Tsai, "Experimental verification of the quasi-unit-cell model of quasicrystal structure," Nature, vol. 396, no. 6706, p. 55, 1998.
[42] P. Gummelt, "Penrose tilings as coverings of congruent decagons," Geometriae Dedicata, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 1-17, 1996.

[43] P. Kalugin, A. Y. Kitaev, and L. Levitov, "Al 0.86 Mn 0.14: a six-dimensional crystal,"
JETP Lett, vol. 41, no. 3, 1985.
[44] P. Bak, "Phenomenological theory of icosahedral incommensurate (" quasiperiodic") order in Mn-Al alloys," Physical review letters, vol. 54, no. 14, p. 1517, 1985.
[45] T. Lubensky, S. Ramaswamy, and J. Toner, "Hydrodynamics of icosahedral quasicrystals," Physical Review B, vol. 32, no. 11, p. 7444, 1985.
[46] V. Elser, "Comment on" Quasicrystals: A new class of ordered structures"," Physical review letters, vol. 54, no. 15, p. 1730, 1985.
[47] A. P. Tsai, "Icosahedral clusters, icosaheral order and stability of quasicrystals—a view of metallurgy," Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 013008, 2008.
[48] P. J. Steinhardt and S. Ostlund, The physics of quasicrystals. World Scientific, 1987.
[49] J. E. Socolar, T. Lubensky, and P. J. Steinhardt, "Phonons, phasons, and dislocations in quasicrystals," Physical Review B, vol. 34, no. 5, p. 3345, 1986.
[50] D. Levine, "D. Levine and PJ Steinhardt, Phys. Rev. B 34, 596 (1986)," Phys. Rev. B,
vol. 34, p. 596, 1986.
[51] P. W. Stephens and A. I. Goldman, "The structure of quasicrystals," Scientific American,
vol. 264, no. 4, pp. 44-53, 1991.
[52] Y. K. Ryomaezawa, H. Kaneko, and T. Ishimasa, "Cu-based icosahedral quasicrystal formed in Cu-Ga-Mg-Sc alloys," Philosophical Magazine Letters, vol. 82, no. 9, pp. 483-493, 2002.
[53] J. D. Rzepski, A. Quivy, Y. Calvayrac, M. Corner-Quiquandon, and D. Gratias, "Antiphase domains in icosahedral Al‐Cu‐Fe alloy," Philosophical Magazine B, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 855-869, 1989.
[54] V. Elser, "The diffraction pattern of projected structures," Acta Crystallographica Section A, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 36-43, 1986.
[55] C. Guryan et al., "Al-Cu-Ru: An icosahedral alloy without phason disorder," Physical review letters, vol. 62, no. 20, p. 2409, 1989.
[56] B. Deng and K. Kuo, "The 2/1 cubic approximant of the Ag42In42Ca16 icosahedral quasicrystal," Journal of alloys and compounds, vol. 366, no. 1-2, pp. L1-L5, 2004.
[57] T. Lubensky, J. E. Socolar, P. J. Steinhardt, P. A. Bancel, and P. A. Heiney, "Distortion and peak broadening in quasicrystal diffraction patterns," Physical review letters, vol. 57, no. 12, p. 1440, 1986.
[58] V. Elser, "Indexing problems in quasicrystal diffraction," Physical review B, vol. 32, no. 8, p. 4892, 1985.
[59] P. A. Bancel, P. A. Heiney, P. W. Stephens, A. I. Goldman, and P. M. Horn, "Structure of rapidly quenched Al-Mn," Physical review letters, vol. 54, no. 22, p. 2422, 1985.
[60] W. Hume-Rothery, "Researches on the nature, properties, and conditions of formation of intermetallic compounds, with special reference to certain compounds of tin," University of London, 1926.
[61] A.-P. Tsai, "A test of Hume-Rothery rules for stable quasicrystals," Journal of non- crystalline solids, vol. 334, pp. 317-322, 2004.
[62] L. Pauling, "The nature of the interatomic forces in metals," Physical Review, vol. 54, no. 11, p. 899, 1938.
[63] J. Guo and A. Tsai, "Stable icosahedral quasicrystals in the Ag-In-Ca, Ag-In-Yb, Ag- In-Ca-Mg and Ag-In-Yb-Mg systems," Philosophical magazine letters, vol. 82, no. 6, pp. 349-352, 2002.
[64] J. Guo, E. Abe, and A. Tsai, "Stable Cd-Mg-Yb and Cd-Mg-Ca icosahedral quasicrystals with wide composition ranges," Philosophical Magazine Letters, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 27-35, 2002.

[65] J.-M. Dubois, S. S. Kang, and Y. Massiani, "Application of quasicrystalline alloys to surface coating of soft metals," Journal of non-crystalline solids, vol. 153, pp. 443-445, 1993.
[66] C. Chien and M. Lu, "Three states of Al 65 Cu 20 Fe 15: Amorphous, crystalline, and quasicrystalline," Physical Review B, vol. 45, no. 22, p. 12793, 1992.
[67] E. Widjaja and L. Marks, "Microstructural evolution in Al–Cu–Fe quasicrystalline thin films," Thin Solid Films, vol. 441, no. 1-2, pp. 63-71, 2003.
[68] I. Fisher et al., "Growth of large single-grain quasicrystals from high-temperature metallic solutions," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 294, pp. 10-16, 2000.
[69] F. Schurack, J. Eckert, and L. Schultz, "Synthesis and mechanical properties of cast quasicrystal-reinforced Al-alloys," Acta materialia, vol. 49, no. 8, pp. 1351-1361, 2001.
[70] F. Schurack, J. Eckert, and L. Schultz, "High strength AL-alloys with nanoquasicrystalline phase as main component," Nanostructured Materials, vol. 12, no. 1-4, pp. 107-110, 1999.
[71] F. Faudot, A. Quivy, Y. Calvayrac, D. Gratias, and M. Harmelin, "About the Al–Cu– Fe icosahedral phase formation," in Rapidly quenched materials: Elsevier, 1991, pp. 383-387.
[72] Y. Yokoyama, K. Fukaura, H. Sunada, R. Note, K. Hiraga, and A. Inoue, "Production of single Al64Cu23Fe13 icosahedral quasicrystal with the Czochralski method," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 294, pp. 68-73, 2000.
[73] F. Zhang and W. Wang, "Phase formation behavior in undercooled quasicrystal- forming Al Cu Fe alloy melts," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 205, no. 1-2, pp. 214-220, 1996.
[74] A. Waseda, K. Kimura, and H. Ino, "Phase Transitions of Al–Cu–Fe Face-Centered
Icosahedral Quasicrystals," Materials Transactions, JIM, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 169-177, 1993.
[75] G. Rosas and R. Perez, "On the relationships between isothermal phase diagrams and quasicrystalline phase transformations in AlCuFe alloys," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 298, no. 1-2, pp. 79-83, 2001.
[76] Y. Yokoyama, R. Note, K. Fukaura, H. Sunada, K. Hiraga, and A. Inoue, "Growth of a single Al64Cu23Fe13 icosahedral quasicrystal using the Czochralski method and annealing removal of strains," Materials Transactions, JIM, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 1583- 1588, 2000.
[77] J. Eckert, F. Schurack, and L. Schultz, "Synthesis and mechanical properties of high strength aluminum-based quasicrystalline composites," in Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials, 2003, vol. 15, pp. 245-252: Trans Tech Publ.
[78] S. Lee, B. Kim, D. Kim, and W. Kim, "Quasicrystalline phase formation in Al 62 Cu
22.5 Fe 12.5 and Al 55 Cu 22.5 Fe 12.5 Be 7 alloys," Journal of Materials Research,
vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 1535-1540, 2001.
[79] D. Holland-Moritz, J. Schroers, B. Grushko, D. Herlach, and K. Urban, "Dependence of phase selection and micro structure of quasicrystal-forming Al-Cu-Fe alloys on the processing and solidification conditions," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 226, pp. 976-980, 1997.
[80] J. Gui, J. Wang, R. Wang, D. Wang, J. Liu, and F. Chen, "On some discrepancies in the literature about the formation of icosahedral quasi-crystal in Al–Cu–Fe alloys," Journal of Materials Research, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 1037-1046, 2001.
[81] J.-M. Dubois, "Properties-and applications of quasicrystals and complex metallic alloys," Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 41, no. 20, pp. 6760-6777, 2012.
[82] J. M. Dubois, "So useful, those quasicrystals," Israel Journal of Chemistry, vol. 51, no. 11‐12, pp. 1168-1175, 2011.

[83] I. M. Hutchings, "Ductile-brittle transitions and wear maps for the erosion and abrasion of brittle materials," Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 25, no. 1A, p. A212, 1992.
[84] J.-M. Dubois and P. Weinland, "Coating materials for metal alloys and metals and method," ed: Google Patents, 1993.
[85] U. Köster, W. Liu, H. Liebertz, and M. Michel, "Mechanical properties of quasicrystalline and crystalline phases in Al Cu Fe alloys," Journal of non- crystalline solids, vol. 153, pp. 446-452, 1993.
[86] Y. Yokoyama, A. Inoue, and T. Masumoto, "Mechanical properties, fracture mode and
deformation behavior of Al70Pd20Mn10 single-quasicrystal," Materials Transactions, JIM, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 135-145, 1993.
[87] S. Kang, J. Dubois, and J. Von Stebut, "Tribological properties of quasicrystalline coatings," Journal of materials research, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 2471-2481, 1993.
[88] G. Alan and D. Jean-marie, New Horizons In Quasicrystals: Research And Applications-Proceedings Of The Conference. World Scientific, 1997.
[89] H. E. Boyer and T. L. Gall, "Metals handbook; desk edition," 1985.
[90] F. Boer, R. Boom, W. Mattens, A. Miedema, and A. Niessen, "Cohesion in metals: transition metal alloys, cohesion and structure," ed: Elsevier, 1989.
[91] G. Xu, G. Li, L. Xianya, Y. Liang, and Z. Feng, "Non-patchy strategy for inter-atomic distances from Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure," Scientific Reports, vol. 7, p. 42143, 2017.
[92] T. Motoki, W. Gao, S. Kiyono, and T. Ono, "A nanoindentation instrument for mechanical property measurement of 3D micro/nano-structured surfaces," Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 17, no. 3, p. 495, 2006.
[93] J. Chen, "Nanobiomechanics of living cells: a review," Interface focus, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 20130055, 2014.
[94] J. Chen, M. Birch, and S. Bull, "Nanomechanical characterization of tissue engineered bone grown on titanium alloy in vitro," Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 277-282, 2010.
[95] R. Mahaffy, S. Park, E. Gerde, J. Käs, and C. Shih, "Quantitative analysis of the viscoelastic properties of thin regions of fibroblasts using atomic force microscopy," Biophysical journal, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 1777-1793, 2004.
[96] R. J. Young and P. A. Lovell, Introduction to polymers. CRC press, 2011.
[97] R. E. Johnson Jr and R. H. Dettre, "Contact angle hysteresis. III. Study of an idealized heterogeneous surface," The journal of physical chemistry, vol. 68, no. 7, pp. 1744- 1750, 1964.
[98] L. W. Schwartz and S. Garoff, "Contact angle hysteresis on heterogeneous surfaces,"
Langmuir, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 219-230, 1985.
[99] J. Joanny and P.-G. De Gennes, "A model for contact angle hysteresis," The journal of chemical physics, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 552-562, 1984.
[100] J. W. Krumpfer and T. J. McCarthy, "Contact angle hysteresis: a different view and a trivial recipe for low hysteresis hydrophobic surfaces," Faraday discussions, vol. 146, pp. 103-111, 2010.
[101] L. Gao and T. J. McCarthy, "Contact angle hysteresis explained," Langmuir, vol. 22, no. 14, pp. 6234-6237, 2006.
[102] C. Janot, M. Audier, M. De Boissieu, and J. Dubois, "Al-Cu-Fe quasi-crystals: low- temperature unstability via a modulation mechanism," EPL (Europhysics Letters), vol. 14, no. 4, p. 355, 1991.
[103] N. Mukhopadhyay, T. Yadav, and O. Srivastava, "An investigation on the transformation of the icosahedral phase in the Al-Fe-Cu system during mechanical

milling and subsequent annealing," Philosophical Magazine A, vol. 82, no. 16, pp. 2979-2993, 2002.
[104] A. Takasaki and K. Kelton, "Hydrogen storage in Ti-based quasicrystal powders produced by mechanical alloying," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 183-190, 2006.
[105] S. Kaloshkin et al., "Structure and mechanical properties of mechanically alloyed Al/Al-Cu-Fe composites," Journal of materials science, vol. 39, no. 16-17, pp. 5399- 5402, 2004.
[106] H. Huang, C. Chen, Z. Wang, Y. Li, and G. Yuan, "Effect of pretreatment and annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg–1.5 Zn–0.25 Gd (at%) alloys reinforced with quasicrystal," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 581, pp. 73- 82, 2013.
[107] J.-M. Dubois and E. Belin-Ferré, "Wetting and adhesion properties of quasicrystals and complex metallic alloys," Applied Adhesion Science, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 28, 2015.
[108] F. Samavat, M. H. Tavakoli, S. Habibi, B. Jaleh, and P. T. Ahmad, "Quasicrystals,"
Open Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol. 2, no. 01, p. 7, 2012.
[109] J. Dubois, V. Fournée, P. Thiel, and E. Belin-Ferré, "Measurements of contact angles of water on Al-based intermetallic surfaces," Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol. 20, no. 31, p. 314011, 2008.
[110] C. J. Jenks and P. A. Thiel, "Quasicrystals: A short review from a surface science perspective," Langmuir, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 1392-1397, 1998.
[111] P. Guyot, "Preface to the viewpoint set on: mechanical properties of quasicrystals," ed: Elsevier, 2003.
[112] R. Li, Z. Dong, and K. Khor, "Spark plasma sintering of Al–Cr–Fe quasicrystals: Electric field effects and densification mechanism," Scripta Materialia, vol. 114, pp. 88-92, 2016.
[113] J.-B. Suck, M. Schreiber, and P. Häussler, Quasicrystals: An introduction to structure, physical properties and applications. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
[114] A. P. Tsai, H. Suenaga, M. Ohmori, Y. Yokoyama, A. Inoue, and T. Masumoto, "Temperature dependence of hardness and expansion in an icosahedral Al-Pd-Mn alloy," Japanese journal of applied physics, vol. 31, no. 8R, p. 2530, 1992.
[115] E. Giacometti, N. Baluc, J. Bonneville, and J. Rabier, "Microindentation of Al-Cu-Fe icosahedral quasicrystal," Scripta Materialia, vol. 41, no. 9, 1999.
[116] D. P. DiVincenzo and P. J. Steinhardt, Quasicrystals: the State of the Art. World scientific, 1999.
[117] M. Quiquandon et al., "Quasicrystal and approximant structures in the Al-Cu-Fe system," Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol. 8, no. 15, p. 2487, 1996.
[118] N. Krendelsberger, F. Weitzer, and J. C. Schuster, "On the reaction scheme and liquidus surface in the ternary system Al-Fe-Si," Metallurgical and materials transactions A, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 1681-1691, 2007.
[119] Y. Wang, Z. Zhang, H. Geng, and Z. Yang, "Formation of the icosahedral quasicrystalline phase in a rapidly solidified Al52Cu25. 5Fe12. 5Si10 alloy," Materials characterization, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 200-207, 2006.
[120] T. B. Massalski, J. Murray, L. Bennett, and H. Baker, "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams. Vol. I and II," American Society for Metals, 1986, p. 2224, 1986.
[121] H.-R. Trebin, Quasicrystals: structure and physical properties. John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
[122] G. T. de Laissardiere, D. N. Manh, L. Magaud, J. Julien, F. Cyrot-Lackmann, and D. Mayou, "Electronic structure and hybridization effects in Hume-Rothery alloys containing transition elements," Physical Review B, vol. 52, no. 11, p. 7920, 1995.

[123] G. Tiwari and R. Ramanujan, "Review The relation between the electron to atom ratio and some properties of metallic systems," Journal of materials science, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 271-283, 2001.
[124] G. V. Raynor, "Progress in the theory of alloys," Progress in metal physics, vol. 1, pp. 1-76, 1949.
[125] D. Gratias et al., "The phase diagram and structures of the ternary AlCuFe system in the vicinity of the icosahedral region," Journal of non-crystalline solids, vol. 153, pp. 482-488, 1993.
[126] U. Mizutani, H. Sato, M. Inukai, Y. Nishino, and E. S. Zijlstra, "Electrons per atom ratio determination and hume-rothery electron concentration rule for P-based polar compounds studied by FLAPW–Fourier calculations," Inorganic chemistry, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 930-946, 2014.
[127] M. Dzugutov, "Glass formation in a simple monatomic liquid with icosahedral inherent local order," Physical Review A, vol. 46, no. 6, p. R2984, 1992.
[128] M. I. Mendelev, J. Schmalian, C. Wang, J. R. Morris, and K. Ho, "Interface mobility and the liquid-glass transition in a one-component system described by an embedded atom method potential," Physical Review B, vol. 74, no. 10, p. 104206, 2006.
[129] D. N. Travessa, K. R. Cardoso, W. Wolf, J. Junior, A. Moreira, and W. J. Botta, "The formation of quasicrystal phase in Al-Cu-Fe system by mechanical alloying," Materials research, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 749-752, 2012.
[130] M. Besser and T. Eisenhammer, "Deposition and applications of quasicrystalline coatings," MRS bulletin, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 59-63, 1997.
[131] V. Tcherdyntsev, S. Kaloshkin, E. Shelekhov, A. Salimon, S. Sartori, and G. Principi, "Quasicrystalline phase formation in the mechanically alloyed Al–Cu–Fe system," Intermetallics, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 841-847, 2005.
[132] L. Zhang and R. Lück, "Phase diagram of the Al–Cu–Fe quasicrystal-forming alloy system: III. Isothermal sections," Zeitschrift für Metallkunde, vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 108- 115, 2003.
[133] C. Colinet, "Comparison of enthalpies of formation and enthalpies of mixing in transition metal based alloys," Thermochimica acta, vol. 314, no. 1-2, pp. 229-245, 1998.
[134] N. Saâdi, M. Harmelin, F. Faudot, and B. Legendre, "Enthalpy of formation of the Al0. 63Cu0. 25Fe0. 12 icosahedral phase," Journal of non-crystalline solids, vol. 153, pp. 500-503, 1993.
[135] R. G. Chaudhuri and S. Paria, "The wettability of PTFE and glass surfaces by nanofluids," Journal of colloid and interface science, vol. 434, pp. 141-151, 2014.
[136] A. I. Goldman, D. J. Sordelet, P. A. Thiel, and J. M. Dubois, "New horizons in quasicrystals: research and applications," in New Horizons in Quasicrystals: Research and Applications: World Scientific, 1997, pp. 1-358.
[137] N. Rivier, "Non-stick quasicrystalline coatings," Journal of non-crystalline solids, vol. 153, pp. 458-462, 1993.
[138] Y.-C. Huang and S.-Y. Chang, "Substrate effect on mechanical characterizations of aluminum-doped zinc oxide transparent conducting films," Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 204, no. 20, pp. 3147-3153, 2010.
[139] A.-P. Tsai, "“Back to the Future”− An Account Discovery of Stable Quasicrystals,"
Accounts of chemical research, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 31-38, 2003.
[140] M. De Boissieu, "Phason modes in quasicrystals," Philosophical Magazine, vol. 88, no. 13-15, pp. 2295-2309, 2008.
[141] M. De Boissieu, "Stability of quasicrystals: energy, entropy and phason modes,"
Philosophical Magazine, vol. 86, no. 6-8, pp. 1115-1122, 2006.

[142] C. L. Henley, "Random tilings with quasicrystal order: transfer-matrix approach,"
Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, vol. 21, no. 7, p. 1649, 1988.
[143] F. Gahler and H.-C. Jeong, "Quasicrystalline ground states without matching rules,"
Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, vol. 28, no. 7, p. 1807, 1995.
[144] B. Avar, M. Gogebakan, and F. Yilmaz, "Characterization of the icosahedral quasicrystalline phase in rapidly solidified Al–Cu–Fe alloys," Zeitschrift für Kristallographie International journal for structural, physical, and chemical aspects of crystalline materials, vol. 223, no. 11-12, pp. 731-734, 2008.
[145] P. A. Bancel, "Dynamical phasons in a perfect quasicrystal," Physical review letters,
vol. 63, no. 25, p. 2741, 1989.
[146] J. Knapp and D. Follstaedt, "Formation of icosahedral Al (Mn) by directed energy processes," Physical review letters, vol. 55, no. 15, p. 1591, 1985.
[147] T. Klein and O. Symko, "Formation of AlCuFe quasicrystalline thin films by solid state diffusion," Applied physics letters, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 431-433, 1994.
[148] A. Yoshioka, K. Edagawa, K. Kimura, and S. Takeuchi, "Production of high-quality thin-film samples of Al-Cu-Fe icosahedral quasicrystal," Japanese journal of applied physics, vol. 34, no. 3R, p. 1606, 1995.
[149] P. Pinhero, J. Anderegg, D. Sordelet, M. Besser, and P. Thiel, "Surface oxidation of Al- Cu-Fe alloys: a comparison of quasicrystalline and crystalline phases," Philosophical Magazine B, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 91-110, 1999.
[150] I. Tomilin, S. Kaloshkin, and V. Tcherdyntsev, "Enthalpy of formation of quasicrystalline phase and ternary solid solutions in the Al-Fe-Cu system," Rare Metals, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 608-614, 2006.
[151] R. Pelzer, M. Nelhiebel, R. Zink, S. Wöhlert, A. Lassnig, and G. Khatibi, "High temperature storage reliability investigation of the Al–Cu wire bond interface," Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 52, no. 9-10, pp. 1966-1970, 2012.
[152] C. Hang, C. Wang, M. Mayer, Y. Tian, Y. Zhou, and H. Wang, "Growth behavior of Cu/Al intermetallic compounds and cracks in copper ball bonds during isothermal aging," Microelectronics reliability, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 416-424, 2008.
[153] H. Xu, C. Liu, V. V. Silberschmidt, and Z. Chen, "Growth of intermetallic compounds in thermosonic copper wire bonding on aluminum metallization," Journal of Electronic materials, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 124-131, 2010.
[154] H. Koerner et al., "Growth kinetics of individual Al-Cu intermetallic compounds," in Interconnect Technology Conference/Advanced Metallization Conference (IITC/AMC), 2014 IEEE International, 2014, pp. 109-112: IEEE.
[155] V. Raghavan, "Al-Cu-Fe (Aluminum-Copper-Iron)," Journal of phase equilibria and diffusion, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 59-64, 2005.
[156] D. Bennett and D. Kirkwood, "Phase equilibria between solid aluminium and liquid in Al-Cu and Al-Cu-Fe systems," Metal Science, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 17-21, 1984.
[157] L. Zhang, J. Schneider, and R. Lück, "Phase transformations and phase stability of the AlCuFe alloys with low-Fe content," Intermetallics, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 1195-1206, 2005.
[158] V. Stagno et al., "Icosahedral AlCuFe quasicrystal at high pressure and temperature and its implications for the stability of icosahedrite," Scientific reports, vol. 4, p. 5869, 2014.
[159] C. Henley, M. De Boissieu, and W. Steurer, "Discussion on clusters, phasons and quasicrystal stabilisation," Philosophical magazine, vol. 86, no. 6-8, pp. 1131-1151, 2006.
[160] Christopher, L. Henley, and V. Elser, "Quasicrystal structure of (Al, Zn) 49Mg32,"
Philosophical Magazine B, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. L59-L66, 1986.

[161] L. Bindi, P. J. Steinhardt, N. Yao, and P. J. Lu, "Natural quasicrystals," science, vol. 324, no. 5932, pp. 1306-1309, 2009.
[162] M. Göğebakan, B. Avar, and O. Uzun, "Quasicrystalline phase formation in the conventionally solidified Al--Cu--Fe system," Materials Science (0137-1339), vol. 27, no. 3, 2009.
[163] S. Kang and J. Dubois, "Pressure-induced phase transitions in quasi-crystals and related compounds," EPL (Europhysics Letters), vol. 18, no. 1, p. 45, 1992.
[164] P. A. Bancel, "Dynamical Phasons in a Perfect Quasicrystal," Physical Review Letters,
vol. 64, no. 4, p. 496, 1990.
[165] N. Lalla, R. Tiwari, and O. Srivastava, "Transmission electron microscopic investigations of rapidly solidified Al-Mn-Ni quasicrystalline alloys," Philosophical Magazine B, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 629-640, 1991.
[166] E. Belin-Ferré, J.-M. Dubois, V. Fournée, P. Brunet, D. J. Sordelet, and L. Zhang, "About the Al 3p density of states in Al–Cu–Fe compounds and its relation to the compound stability and apparent surface energy of quasicrystals," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 294, pp. 818-821, 2000.
[167] A. Sadoc, J. Iité, A. Polian, S. Lefebvre, M. Bessiere, and Y. Calvayrac, "X-ray absorption and diffraction spectroscopy of icosahedral Al-Cu-Fe quasicrystals under high pressure," Philosophical Magazine B, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 855-866, 1994.
[168] A. Sadoc, "Local order description of an icosahedral Al–Cu–Fe quasicrystal,"
Philosophical magazine letters, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 195-200, 1989.
[169] A. Shastri, F. Borsa, D. Torgeson, and A. Goldman, "Distribution of nonequivalent aluminum sites revealed in Al-Cu-Ru and Al-Cu-Fe quasicrystals by Al 27 NQR," Physical Review B, vol. 50, no. 6, p. 4224, 1994.
[170] Z. Stadnik and G. Stroink, "Local environment of iron sites in icosahedral Al 65 Cu 20 Fe 15," Physical Review B, vol. 38, no. 15, p. 10447, 1988.
[171] M. Evsyukova et al., "Crystal–quasicrystal transition in the Al–Cu–Fe system: Analysis of the local atomic structure," Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 405, no. 8, pp. 2122- 2124, 2010.
[172] A. Menushenkov and Y. V. Rakshun, "EXAFS spectroscopy of quasicrystals,"
Crystallography Reports, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1006-1013, 2007.
[173] M. Newville, "IFEFFIT: interactive XAFS analysis and FEFF fitting," Journal of synchrotron radiation, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 322-324, 2001.
[174] B. Ravel and M. Newville, "ATHENA and ARTEMIS: interactive graphical data analysis using IFEFFIT," Physica Scripta, vol. 2005, no. T115, p. 1007, 2005.
[175] S. Calvin, XAFS for Everyone. CRC press, 2013.
[176] E. Dartyge et al., "X-ray absorption in dispersive mode: a new spectrometer and a data acquisition system for fast kinetics," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 246, no. 1-3, pp. 452-460, 1986.
[177] H. Tolentino, E. Dartyge, A. Fontaine, and G. Tourillon, "X‐ray absorption spectroscopy in the dispersive mode with synchrotron radiation: optical considerations," Journal of applied crystallography, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 15-22, 1988.
[178] Y. Joly, "X-ray absorption near-edge structure calculations beyond the muffin-tin approximation," Physical Review B, vol. 63, no. 12, p. 125120, 2001.
[179] F. De Groot, "Multiplet effects in X-ray spectroscopy," Coordination Chemistry Reviews, vol. 249, no. 1-2, pp. 31-63, 2005.
[180] O. Bunău and Y. Joly, "Self-consistent aspects of x-ray absorption calculations,"
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol. 21, no. 34, p. 345501, 2009.

[181] U. Kattner and B. Burton, "Phase Diagrams ql'Binary Iron Alloys," ed: Edited by H. Okamoto. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International, 1993.
[182] A. Filipponi, "EXAFS for liquids," Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol. 13, no. 7, p. R23, 2001.
[183] A. Di Cicco, "EXAFS in liquids and disordered systems: a personal review," XAS Research Review, webmag. of the Intern. XAFS soc, October 12, 2016 2016.
[184] M. Sawada, K. Tsutsumi, T. Shiraiwa, and M. Obashi, "On the Fine Structures of X- ray Absorption Spectra of Amorphous Substances The Amorphous State of the Binary System of Nickel-Sulfur. II," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 464-468, 1955.
[185] T. Shiraiwa, T. Ishimura, and M. Sawada, "Fine Structures of X-ray Absorption Spectra of Crystalline and Amorphous Germanium," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 788-792, 1957.
[186] H. Petersen and C. Kunz, "L 2, 3 Transitions in Liquid Na and Al: Edge Singularity and Extended X-Ray-Absorption Fine Structure," Physical Review Letters, vol. 35, no. 13, p. 863, 1975.
[187] A. P. Menushenkov, Y. V. Rakshun, M. Mikheeva, K. Klementiev, A. Teplov, and A. Bryazkalo, "Crystal-quasicrystal local structural transition in Al-Cu-Fe," Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters, vol. 81, no. 9, pp. 479-483, 2005.
[188] E. Belin, Z. Dankházi, A. Sadoc, Y. Calvayrac, T. Klein, and J.-M. Dubois, "Electronic distributions of states in crystalline and quasicrystalline Al-Cu-Fe and Al-Cu-Fe-Cr alloys," Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol. 4, no. 18, p. 4459, 1992.
[189] H. Petersen and C. Kunz, "Density of states in the K excitation spectra of solid and liquid lithium," Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics, vol. 7, no. 12, p. 2495, 1977.
[190] A. Yamamoto, H. Takakura, and A. Tsai, "Refinement of i-Al-Cu-Fe and i-Al-Cu-Ru Quasicrystal Structures," Ferroelectrics, vol. 305, no. 1, pp. 279-282, 2004.