有機發光二極體 (Organic Light Emitting Diode, OLED) 具有自發光性、廣視角、高對比、低耗電、高反應速率、全彩化、製程簡單等優點，被譽為終極的顯示技術，亦是新一代最具潛力的照明技術；高效率特性可以使此等元件節能，節省了用電量，即是減少二氧化碳之排放；但一優質的照明光源除了具備節能特性之外，必須兼顧健康特性，避免藍光所造成的危害，如黃斑部病變、抑制褪黑激素分泌、知名畫作褪色、候鳥迷航、干擾昆蟲作息及消失的星空等；人們因此迫切需要一款『人眼』、『生理』、『文物』、『生態』、『環境』、及『夜空』友善、低藍害甚至無藍害之照明光源，此健康照明光源，勢必成為未來照明的趨勢；目前市售的照明光源中，僅白熾燈泡屬於低藍光放射的照明光源，但因發光效率差，只有10 lm/W，不夠節能而逐漸被眾多國家禁用；據此，我們使用OLED技術，並從(1)材料、(2)元件結構、及(3)光萃取技術三個面向作探討，以研製出一超高效率低藍害白光OLED；從節能的角度看，在亮度 100 cd/m2 下，此元件能量效率達到 120 lm/W，為白熾燈泡的 12 倍、蠟燭的 1,000 倍，比現今的螢光燈管 (Compact Fluorescent Lamp, CFL) 及發光二極體 (Light Emitting Diode, LED) 都來得高；此元件之高效率可歸因於：(1)所使用之三種磷光客體材料擁有高量子產率；(2)搭配高電子遷移率之電子傳輸層材料，幫助電子的注入；(3)採用能階匹配之階梯式元件結構；其中，結構當中所形成一能量陷阱，有利於電子的注入；主客體之間，有良好的能量傳遞；此結構又可降低載子的注入能障、有效地侷限載子；最後，再搭配微透鏡薄膜陣列，使能量效率增益41%；因光色乃是模擬2,500 K的白熾燈泡，結果，所得色溫為2,650 K，相對於冷白光的CFL與LED，其視網膜可忍受之曝光極限及褪黑激素抑制程度，分別至少安全10倍與4倍。

Organic light emitting diode (OLED) can be applied to high quality displays and solid-state lightings due to its self-luminous, wide-viewing angle, high contrast, low-power consumption, high response time, full-color and simple process etc. In recent years, "blue hazard" caused by blue light poses a great risk to our lives, including irreversible damage to the retina, the fading of Van Gogh and other famous paintings, the various cancer and physiological disorders induced by inhibition of melatonin secretion. It should now be cleared that we need a blue hazard free lighting source that is friendly to human eyes, physiologies, artifacts, ecosystems, environment, and night skies. Blue hazard free, healthy light source will become the mainstream of future lighting. Incandescent bulbs are low blue emission lighting source, but it is phasing out because of energy wasting. We hence devise a highly efficient organic light emitting diode with color mimicking that of incandescent bulb, and a 120 lm/W at 100 cd/m 2 power efficacy, 12 times that of incandescent bulbs or 1,000 times that of candles. The high efficiency may be attributed to the employment of three efficiency-effective approaches, namely high efficiency and high mobility materials, efficiency-effect device architectures, and a light extraction technique. This warm sensation giving lighting device is at least 10 times safer from retina protection perspective and 4 times better for melatonin secretion, as comparing with the cold white counterparts of compact fluorescent lamp and light emitting diode.

摘要 I
英文摘要 III
誌謝 V
目錄 XIV
表目錄 XVIII
圖目錄 XIX
壹、緒論 1
貳、文獻回顧 5
2-1、有機發光二極體的歷史發展 5
2-2、有機發光二極體的發光機制 17
2-2-1、有機發光二極體之基本結構 17
2-2-2、有機電激發光原理 18
2-2-3、有機發光二極體電流限制 19
2-2-4、能量傳遞機制 23
2-3、有機發光二極體的材料發展 25
2-3-1、陽極材料 25
2-3-2、電洞注入材料 26
2-3-3、電洞傳輸材料 26
2-3-4、發光層之主體材料 27
2-3-5、發光層之客體材料 32
2-3-6、電子傳輸材料 36
2-3-7、電子注入材料 37
2-3-8、陰極材料 38
2-4、高效率有機發光二極體的製作技術 39
2-5、白光有機發光二極體的發展 47
2-5-1、單層發光元件 49
2-5-2、積層發光元件 54
2-6、白光有機發光二極體的效率紀錄 60
2-7、藍害報告 64
2-8、低色溫光源的進展 70
2-8-1、低色溫有機發光二極體之進展 70
2-8-2、低色溫發光二極體之進展 72
參、理論計算 75
3-1、元件效率的計算 75
3-2、演色性的計算 75
3-3、自然光譜相似性指數的計算 76
3-4、視網膜最大可忍受之曝光極限的計算 77
3-5、褪黑激素抑制程度的計算 78
肆、實驗方法 80
4-1、元件結構與材料來源 80
4-1-1、元件結構 80
4-1-2、材料來源 81
4-2、元件設計與製備 83
4-2-1、元件電路設計 83
4-2-2、發光層之製備方法 84
4-2-3、基材清洗 84
4-2-4、熱蒸鍍製程 85
4-2-5、成膜鍍率測定 86
4-3 元件特性量測 87
4-3-1、發光效率之量測 87
4-3-2、電致發光光譜量測 88
伍、結果與討論 89
5-1、超高效率低藍害白光元件的效率表現 89
5-1-1、材料 91
5-1-1-1、高量子產率之磷光客體材料 91
5-1-1-2、高電子遷移率之電子傳輸層材料 93
5-1-2、元件結構與客體濃度 94
5-1-2-1、階梯式結構 94
5-1-2-2、發光層材料之能階搭配 99
5-1-2-3、紅光客體濃度對元件效率之影響 100
5-1-3、光萃取技術 100
5-2、超高效率低藍害白光元件與白熾燈泡的比較 101
5-3、超高效率低藍害白光元件的健康特質 103
5-3-1、視網膜可忍受之曝光極限 103
5-3-2、褪黑激素抑制程度 104
陸、結論 105
柒、參考資料 108

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